• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.288-295
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• 1999

Nineteen japonica and Tongil-type rices were selected from seventy nine Korean and Japanese rice cultivars grown in 1989 based on the water uptake behavior of milled rice under the room temperature and boiling conditions. The selected rice cultivars were investigated for water absorbability and some physicochemical characteristics of milled rice, proper water amount for cooking and sensory evaluation of cooked rice. The relationships among the tested grain properties were also examined. The highest varietal variation of water uptake rate was observed at twenty minutes after soaking in water. The maximum water uptake of milled rices at room temperature occurred mostly at about eighty minutes after soaking in water. Newly harvested rices showed a significantly lower water uptake rate of milled rice at 20 minutes after soaking, a relatively higher maximum water absorption ratio under the room temperature, and the less water uptake and volume expansion of boiled rice compared with the one-year old rice samples. The water uptake rate and the maximum water absorption ratio showed significantly negative correlations with the K/Mg ratio and alkali digestion value(ADV) of milled rice. The rice materials showing the higher amount of hot water absorption exhibited the larger volume expansion of cooked rice. The harder rices with lower moisture content revealed the higher rate of water uptake at twenty minutes after soaking and the higher ratio of maximum water uptake under the room temperature condition. These water uptake characteristics were not associated with the protein and amylose contents of milled rice ansd the palatability of cooked rice. The water/rice ratio(in w/w basis) for optimum cooking was averaged to 1.52 in dry milled rices (12% wet basis) with varietal range from 1.45 to 1.61 and the expansion ratio of milled rice after proper boiling was averaged to 2.63(in v/v basis). The water amount needed for optimum cooking was the lowest in Cheongcheongbyeo (Tongil-type rice) and the highest in Jinbubyeo, and the amount could be estimated with about 70% fittness by the multiple regression formula based on some water uptake characteristics, ADV and amylose content of milled rice as the independent variables. Nineteen rice cultivars were classified into seven groups based on scatter diagram projected by principal component analysis using eight properties related to water uptake and gelatinization of milled rice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.551-554
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the pH of irrigation water on the growth, yield, and grain quality of rice. It acquire fundamental knowledges to set up irrigation water quality standards. The pot experiment was conducted with 5 treatments using irrigation waters with various pH values(control, 4, 6, 8, 10) and replicated four times with randomized block design. The results of this study showed that the uptake of N, P, and K, Ripened grain ratio and yield of rice tended to be reduced at the irrigation water of pH 4 and pH 10. P uptake, Ripened grain ratio and yield of rice at pH 4 water were significantly lower than the control. K uptake at pH 10 water was significantly lower than the control. Plant height, SPAD value and protein content of rice were not affected by the pH of irrigation water.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.25-40
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• 1991

Five-brown-rice-variety, Akibare, Odaebyeo, Taebaegbyeo, Nonglim Na 1 and Hankangchalbyeo, was prepared and examinated the hydration kinetics and the cooking qualities. Before the hydration the L/W ratio of raw Taebaegbyeo was the biggest value among the five brown rices. The water uptake was directly proportional to the square root of soaking time. During the hydration water uptake of high yielding brown rices was bigger than those of traditional brown rices among the nonglutenious varieties but waxy brown rices were not. Generally volume increase constant was directly proportional to the water uptake constant, which were different a little with brown rices was hydrated which was inversed proportional to the water uptake degree. According to the instrumental result using the rheometer of cooked brown rice with increased soaking times that was decreased the hardness and was increased the adhesiveness. The sensory evaluation test indicated that the hardness and the stickiness value of cooked brown rices were proper after 15-hour-soaking time and it was identical result to the instrumental result using the rheometer.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.571-576
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• 2004

Since anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process, which is a typical mainstream biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal process, utilizes influent organic matter as an external carbon source for phosphorus release in anaerobic or anoxic stage, influent COD/T-P ratio gives a strong influence on performance of phosphorus removal process. In this study, a bench scale experiment was carried out for SBR process to investigate nitrogen and phosphorus removal at various influent COD/T-P ratio and nitrate loadings of 23~73 and 1.6~14.3g $NO_3{^-}-N/kg$ MLSS, respectively. The phosphorus release and excess uptake in anoxic condition were very active at influent COD/T-P ratios of 44 and 73. However, its release and uptake was not obviously observed at COD/T-P ratio of 23. Consequently, phosphorus removal efficiency was decreased. In addition, the phosphorus release and uptake rate in anoxic condition increased as the nitrate loading decreased. Specific denitrification rate had significantly high correlation with organic materials and nitrate loadings of the anoxic phase too. The rate of phosphorus release and uptake in the anoxic condition were $0.08{\sim}0.94kg\;S-P/kg\;MLSS{\cdot}d$ and $0.012{\sim}0.1kg\;S-P/kg\;MLSS{\cdot}d$, respectively.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.127-134
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• 2019

Cotton fabrics were treated with gelatin to improved their dyeability, color strength toward cochineal dye. Gelatin were used as the protein. Gelatin is containing a large number of hydrophilic groups. Pad-dry-cure method was used for the treatment process(10g/L concentration). The scanning electron micrograph showed the gelatin was deposited on the surface of cotton. Pretreated fabrics were mordanted with 10%(owf) alum. Then the fabrics were dyed with cochineal. Compared with original cotton fabric the K/S value with cochineal dyes was significantly improved on gelatin modified cotton. Treating cotton with 10g/L concentration gelatin offered higher cochineal adsorption. The dyeability of pH 4 yielded the highest color strength. In dyebaths of a ratio of ethanol and water such as; 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9, 0:10, fabrics were dyed. The ratio of ethanol and water had powerful effects on solution polarity. Cochineal dye uptake showed maximum value, when the proportion of ethanol and water was 9:1. Dyeing at increased temperatures and with increased time resulted in higher dye uptake and reddish-purple color(5RP). The washing fastness was 1-2grade, and the fastness to light was 2-3grade.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.571-580
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess the optimum coating ratio for rice, using various ratios of mulberry leaves extract, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%, and to determine the optimum ratio of added water, in proportion to the total weight of mulberry rice. The moisture content of the soaked rice, and the optimum water uptake rate, moisture content of the cooked rice, as well as its blue and color values, mechanical characteristics, internal structure and sensory evaluation, were analyzed. The statistical data analyses were completed using the SAS program. The results are summarized as follows: The moisture content of mulberry rice was less than that of raw rice. The average optimum water uptake of the soaked mulberry rice at the different water temperatures, 10, 20 and 30, was 20% of the total weight of the raw mulberry rice. As for the results of the sensory evaluation,; 140% water, in proportion to the total weight of raw mulberry rice, was judged to be the optimum. The average moisture content of the cooked mulberry rice was 45∼50%, but there was no significant difference in the various coating ratios. The blue value of the cooked mulberry rice awas highest on the first day of cooking. The L- and a-values decreased with increasing coating ratio, but the b-value increased under the same conditions. As for the mechanical characteristics,; the adhesiveness, hardness and springiness decreased during 2 days of storage. The internal structure of the mulberry rice, observed by SEM, showed a close structure on increasing the coating ratios of mulberry leaves extracts. It was concluded that the optimum coating ratio of mulberry rice and ratio of added water for cooking wereas 1.5 and 140%, respectively, in proportion to the total weight of raw mulberry rice.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 1994

Bran structure and water uptake rate for brown rices of thirteen japonica and twelve Tongil cultivars were investigated. The japonica type was shorter in length and had lower value in the ratio of length to width than Tongil one. No differences were observed in width and weight between the two types. The number of aleurone layer and the thickness of bran layer were higher in dorsal side than in ventral side in all rice cultivars. The structure in ventral side was similar but the number of aleurone layer in dosal side was higher in japonica samples. There were no significant differences in water uptake rates showed no correlation with the bran structure.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

Carbon ($^{14}CO_2$) and nitrogen ($^{15}NH_4$ and $^{15}NO_3$) uptake were measured at two stations in the hypertrophic zone of the Seonakdong River, where Microcystis aeruginosa explosively bloomed in September 1998. Significant nitrogen limitation occurred in the period of Microcystis bloom, while phosphorus limitation was common in the river. The specific nitrogen ($NH_4$ + $NO_3$) uptake was 12-50 $\mu$mol mg chl-a$^{-1}$ hr$^{-1}$ at two stations, showing substantially higher than for any other freshwaters. The specific nirtogen uptake was higher at the GAR Station of the nitrogen-limited area and this high nirtogen uptake resulted in low $^{14}C:^{15}N$ atomic ratios of algal uptake. Carbon uptake was dependent upon irradiance, decreasing gradually toward the bottom in the euphotic zone, whereas the nitrogen uptake increased slightly toward the bottom. $NH_4$ preferable uptake against $NO_3$ was hardly discemilble due to the fact that it exceeded the $NH_4$ ambient concentraiton. The $^{14}C:^{15}N$ atomic ratios of algal uptake in the surface waters approached the Redfield C:N ratio.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.242-248
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• 1986

To study the effect of cold water irrigation at the reproductive growth stage of rice plants on several growth characters related to source and sink and nutrient uptake, the present experiment was carried out under the different conditions of water temperature and water depth. Deep irrigation with normal temperature water increased culm length, panicle length and panicle exsertion but with cold water resulted adversely. Most sensi-tive response in 5 cm water-depth appeared at reduction division stage and in 20 cm depth at panicle formation stage. Secondary branches and spikelets were increased in number by deep irrigation with normal temperature water, but decreased and degenerated by deep irrigation with cold water at panicle formation stage resulting in high spikelet sterility and low grain filling. Deep irrigation with normal temperature water increased the contents of total nitrogen, phosphate, potassium and silicate in leaf blades, branches and chaff. However, cold water irrigation reduced the uptake of phosphate, potassium and silicate except nitrogen particularly in deep irrigation. Ratios of phosphate, potassium and silicate to total nitrogen content were decreased by cold water irrigation. Branches seemed to have higher requirements for phosphate, potassium and silicate than leaf blades and chaff. Silicate-to-total nitrogen ratio in leaf blades, branches and chaff had significant correlations with yield showing closer relationship between yield and the ratio of silicate to total nitrogen in branches in particu-lar.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2000

As a result of survey of one hundred grain weight and been husk/whole bean ratio of 25 soybean varieties, the one was ranged 12.1∼27.1g and Saeal was highest as 27.1g, and Kwangan was lowest as 12.1g, while the other was revealed that Sinpladal 2 was highest as 9.40%, and Jangyebo was lowest, as 6.13%. Contents of crude protein were ranged 38∼48.5% which Tanback was highest as 48.5%, and Jangyeob was lowest as 39%. Crude lipid contained 17∼22%, and Muhan was highest as 48.5% and Tanback was lowest as 39%. Range of water uptake ratio and hardness after soaking were 235.9∼202.8% and 0.890∼2.593kg/3.14$\textrm{mm}^2$ and Jinpum was highest as 2.593kg/3.14$\textrm{mm}^2$, while Tanwon was lowest as 0.066kg/3.14$\textrm{mm}^2$.