• Title/Summary/Keyword: water soluble sugar

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Antioxidant activity of partially characterized polysaccharides from the edible mushroom Pleurotus djamor var. roseus

  • Raman, Jegadeesh;Sivakumar, Archana;Lakshmanan, Hariprasath;Raaman, Nanjian;Shin, Hyun-Jae
    • Journal of Mushroom
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.140-149
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    • 2021
  • Mushroom-derived polysaccharides, which are the primary bioactive constituents, are beneficial for human health. Polysaccharides have immuno-modulation, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. Additionally, they have antiviral properties and protect against chronic radiation stress. In this study, high yield water-soluble polysaccharides were obtained from Pleurotus djamor var. roseus basidiocarps. The crude polysaccharide (CP) was extracted sequentially by hot water and ethanol precipitation. The yield of the brown CPs was 5.6% dw. Diethylaminoethyl cellulose and Sepharose-6B column chromatography of CPs generated several fractions. Total glucan content was determined in all the fractions. The F1 fraction displayed the highest sugar content and was considered as a purified polysaccharide (PP). The total glucan and β-glucan content in the four fractions ranged between 76.85-2.95% and 75.08-1.46%, respectively. The yield of the PPs was 300 mg, and it was obtained as a white powder. The PPs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thin-layer chromatography. The FTIR spectral details confirmed the presence of a xylopentose polysaccharide. The antioxidant activity of the PPs was evaluated using in vitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. The PPs showed strong DPPH free radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner. Purified PPs free of phenolics, protein, and carbohydrates were mainly responsible for the radical scavenging activity. The data suggest the potential of PPs as natural antioxidants.

Studies on the Effects of Amylase Addition to Rice Extrusion on the Rheological Properties of the Extrudate for Weaning Food Base (압출조리를 이용한 쌀 이유식 제조에서 아밀라제 첨가가 물성변화에 미치는 효과)

  • Lee, Gang-Gweon;Kim, Ji-Yong;Lee, Cherl-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.670-678
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    • 1994
  • The effects of amylase addition during extrusion cooking of rice on the physico-chemical properties of the extrudates were investigated in order to develop rice-based Korean style weaning food products. A laboratory-built single screw extruder was used, the enzymes used were Termamyl 120LS(amylase from Bacillus licheniformis, NOVO Co.), BAN 240L(amylase from Bacillus amylolichuefaciens, NOVO Co.) and malt powder. By the addition of enzymes, the water soluble index of the extrudates increased by 3 times compared to that of the extrudates without enzyme and the concentration of reducing sugar in the extrudates increased drastically at 28 feed moisture. The gel permeation chromatographic pattern showed that the large molecular starch fractions diminished by the addition of enzyme during extrusion and the low molecular fraction increased. The residual enzyme activity in the extrudate were 27% for the most thermo-resistance enzyme by treating at $140^{\circ}C$ in the metering section of the extruder. The sediment volume of the extrudate dispersion increased as the metering section temperature increased to $140^{\circ}C$ . By the addition of enzymes the viscosity of extrudate dispersion was redused $1/4{\sim}1/200$ of that of the extrudates without enzyme. It allowed to use 1.8 times of solid material to the weaning food formulation to attain the same level of consistency as the commercial products. It proves that the addition of amylase during rice extrusion is effective to increase the energy density of weaning food by starch degradation, which results in the increases of water solubility, reducing sugar content, dispersibility and fluidability.

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Studies on the storage of fresh fruits and vegetables by plastic coating (1) on Rall's Janet Apple- (Plastic Coating에 의(依)한 청과물저장연구(靑果物貯藏硏究) (제1보(第1報)) -사과(국광(國光))에 대(對)하여-)

  • Park, Nou-Pung
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.12
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    • pp.89-97
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    • 1969
  • These studies were made on coating of fresh fruits and vegetables with PVC under view on preservation of fresh fruits and vegetables due to restrain water evaporation of them and control gas metabolisms. The results obtained, as selection of PVC materials availble for preservation of them, procedure of the coating, useful organic solvents, concentration of PVC solution and the time of dipping, and effects of the preservation of them, were summarized as follows: 1) PVC powder 222 and PVC powder 443 were surveyed as suitable materials for coating apple, and later was excellent in lustrous aspect. 2) The coating procedure which dipt into PVC solution was suitable to treat much within a short space of time, and using of ventillator accelerate rather evaporation of the organic solvent. 3) Aceton and methyethylketon as solvent of the PVC were, in purpose of storage only, avaible, while aceton was, in view ef taste, better. 4) 10% of the PVC solutions were better to preserve the freshness of apple and 5, 4, 1 and 0.5% of them in order were gradually decreased in preservability, and 15% of them as high concentration were looked like fermentation in one week after the coating. 5) The dipping time was also better n minute than 10 seconds in a preservation but 1-2 minutes could be applied owing to be not affected of the taste due to coating. 6) The freshness of treatment groups were extend about 48 days after coating in room temperature but control lost market value with 12 days. 7) Weight of control was decreased to 10-13% but treatment which was dipped into 10% of coating solution for one minute was decreased to 3.5-4.6% and treatment for four minutes was did to 2.9-3.0%. 8) Change in respiration was less is treatment groups than control in exhaustion of $CO_2$, and water soluble sugar, reduced sugar and pH were not changed almost due to coating. 9) Pannel discussion of the taste was indicated that control was better than treatments soon after coating, but treatments were rather than control last period of storage and treatment with aceton solvent specially was better than others.

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Impacts of Oyster Shell and Peat Treatments on Soil Properties in Continuous Watermelon Cropping Greenhouse Plots (패화석 및 이탄 처리가 수박 연작지 토양의 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Ahn, Byung-Koo;Lee, Jin-Ho;Lee, Young-Han
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.43 no.4
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    • pp.438-445
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    • 2010
  • Soils in continuous monoculture cropping system generally have a number of physical and chemical problems. Thus, we studied to investigate selected soil properties in continuous watermelon cropping plots with applications of different soil management practices: 1) conventional farming practice (CFP), 2) chemical fertilizer management practice (FMP), the FMP with different amounts, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 t $ha^{-1}$, of oyster shell meal application (FMP-OS 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 t $ha^{-1}$), and 3) the FMP with different amounts, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 t $ha^{-1}$, of peat application (FMP-PT 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 t $ha^{-1}$) and also to evaluate watermelon quality. Soil pH slightly increased only in the FMP-OS 1.5 t $ha^{-1}$ plot, while it was not changed or decreased a little in other plots. The contents of soil organic matter (SOM) expectedly increased in the FMP-PT plots, whereas it markedly decreased in the FMP-OS plots. The concentrations of exchangeable cations, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $K^+$, in soils were mostly dropped down in most of the FMP and FMP-PT plots. Otherwise, the exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ concentration increased a bit in the FMP-OS plots. Also, the concentrations of water-soluble anions, $NO_3^-$, $Cl^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and ${PO_4}^{3-}$, in soils mostly declined in all the plots applied with the different management practices during the study years. Due to the cation and anion decreases, the electrical conductivity (EC) values in the soils were greatly reduced in the plots. Thus, the soil management practices applied, especially oyster shell meal and peat treatments, might be useful to control soil conditions. However, watermelon quality, such as sugar content and fruit weight, would not be associated with the soil management practices applied.

Quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of drink prepared with black garlic and Oenanthe javanica DC (흑마늘과 미나리를 이용하여 제조한 음료의 품질 및 항산화 특성)

  • Jeong, Tae-Seong;Kim, Jin-Hak;An, Sin-Ae;Won, Yong-Duk;Lee, Shin-Ho
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.193-198
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    • 2014
  • The quality and antioxidative characteristics of drinks prepared with different mixing ratios of black garlic and Oenanthe javanica DC., BD-1 (black garlic only), BD-2 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=2:1), BD-3 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=1:1), and BD-4 (black garlic:Oenanthe javanica DC.=1:2), were studied. The pH increased with the increasing concentration of Oenanthe javanica DC. extract in all the tested drinks, but the sugar contents decreased. The total polyphenol contents of the drinks were 28.48 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-1), 41.91 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-2), 42.36 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-3), and 46.96 ${\mu}g/mL$ (BD-4). The SOD-like activity was highest for BD-4 (18.60%), followed by BD-3 (15.53%), BD-2 (12.53%), and BD-1 (10.27%). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was highest for BD-4 (52.51%), followed by BD-3 (45.70%), BD-2 (39.44%), and BD-1 (28.72%). The ferrous ion chelating activity increased with the increasing concentration of Oenanthe javanica DC extract, and BD-4 showed the best activities among all the tested drinks. The water-soluble vitamin content (vitamins B1, B2, B6, and C) of BD-4 (1197.77 ${\mu}g/mL$) was higher than those of the other drinks (BD-1, 213.02 ${\mu}g/mL$; BD-2, 477.87 ${\mu}g/mL$; BD-3, 914.72 ${\mu}g/mL$), and the vitamin C (806.21 ${\mu}g/mL$) content of the water-soluble vitamins at BD-4 was higher than those of vitamins B1 (68.04 ${\mu}g/mL$), B2 (312.51 ${\mu}g/mL$), and B6 (11.01 ${\mu}g/mL$). BD-4 showed the best score in the sensory evaluations, such as in the evaluation of the color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability.

Influence of Nutrient Supply on Growth, Mineral Nutrients and Carbohydrates in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) (무기영양액 농도 차이가 오이 생육, 무기성분 흡수 및 탄수화물 합성에 미치는 영향)

  • Sung, Jwa-Kyung;Park, Sung-Yong;Lee, Su-Yeon;Lee, Ye-Jin;Lee, Ju-Young;Jang, Byong-Choon;Goh, Hyun-Gwan;Ok, Yong-Sik;Kim, Tae-Wan;Song, Beom-Heon
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.83-89
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    • 2010
  • We investigated the growth of cucumber plants, the uptake and use of mineral nutrients, such as $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N, $K^+$, $Ca^{+}^{+}$, $Mg^{+}^{+}$ and $Na^+$, absorbed from media solution, and the synthesis and distribution of soluble sugars under nutrient-deficient condition. Difference in plant growth revealed after 20 days of treatment. Nitrate uptake in nutrient-deficient condition was significantly reduced compared with nutrient-normal treatment, and its distribution was primarily in petioles, stem, roots and less in leaves. In contrast, ammonium content was markedly predominated in fast growing organs, and it was significantly different in growing leaves, expanded leaves, and roots under similar growth conditions. $K^+$, lack by deficient nutrient condition, was found in growing leaves. The $Ca^{+}^{+}$ content did not show significant difference between treatments and a substantial portion of $Ca^{+}^{+}$ remained in petioles. The $Mg^{+}^{+}$ content was significantly higher in the leaves of nutrient-normal condition compared with nutrient-deficient condition while significantly lower in stem and roots. The behavior of $Na^+$ in plant was similar to $K^+$ although its content was relatively little. The highest $CO_2$ assimilation was observed in fully expanded leaves of nutrient-normal condition, which was 1.7 times higher compared with nutrient-deficient condition. The instantaneous water use efficiency (A/E) and the A/gsratio, which is an index of leaf intrinsic water use efficiency for individual leaves, was 1.2 and 1.1 times higher, respectively. The total soluble sugar (TSS) contents were highest in leaves followed by petioles, stems and roots, and in younger leaves. The growing leaves contained about 7,200 mg $kg^{-1}$ of TSS in nutrient-normal condition whereas the TSS contents in nutrient-deficient condition were not significantly different between leaves. The $Mg^{+}^{+}$ and $NH_4$- N were positively correlated with the TSS whereas $NO_3$ - N was negatively correlated.

Comparisons in Volumes of Irrigation and Drainage, Plant Growth and Fruit Yield under FDR Sensor-, Integrated Solar Radiation-, and Timer-Automated Irrigation Systems for Production of Tomato in a Coir Substrate Hydroponic System (토마토 코이어 수경재배에서 FDR센서, 적산일사량센서 및 타이머 급액방식에 따른 급배액량, 생육 및 과실수량 비교)

  • Choi, Eun-Young;Kim, Hee-Yong;Choi, Ki-Young;Lee, Yong-Beom
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.63-70
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    • 2016
  • Water drainage from the open hydroponics often causes significant environmental pollution due to agrochemicals and loss of water and nutrients. The objectives of this study were to show the potential application of an irrigation schedule based on threshold values of volumetric substrate water content for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Samsamgu') cultivation in a commercial hydroponic farm during spring to summer cultivation. This study was performed for minimizing effluent from coir substrate hydroponics using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor-automated irrigation, as compared with an integrated solar-radiation (IR) and conventional timer-irrigation (TIMER) after transplanting. In results, no significant difference in daily irrigation volume was found among the treatments until 88 days after transplant (DAT). However, during the 88 to 107 DAT, the daily irrigation volume was in the order of IR (2125 mL) > TIMER (2063 mL) > FDR (1983 mL), and during the 108 to 120 DAT, it was in the order of IR (2000 mL) > TIMER (1664 mL) > FDR (1500 mL). The lowest drainage volume was observed in the FDR treatment with the order of IR (12~19%) > TIMER (4~12%) > FDR (0~7%) during the entire growing period. A lower irrigation volume in the FDR treatment after 88 DAT may be due to the sensor's detecting capacity for less water absorption by plant after completing fruit maturity with apical pruning and removal of lower leaves, while a higher irrigation volume in the IR treatment may be due to gradual increase in integrated solar-radiation amount as closer to summer season. There was no significant difference in plant growth and fruit yield among the treatments; however, a 11% and 18% of higher soluble sugar content was observed in the FDR than that of TIMER and IR treatment. respectively.

Studies on the Storage and Utilization of Sweetpotatoes (III) Gamma-Irradiation and Storage of Sweetpotatoes (고구마의 저장(貯藏) 및 이용(利用)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -제삼보(第三報) : 감마선조사(線照射)와 고구마의 저장(貯藏)-)

  • Choi, Eon-Ho;Park, Nou-Poung;Lee, Su-Rae;Kim, Ho-Sik
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.10
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    • pp.63-68
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    • 1968
  • The effects of $^{60}Co-{\gamma}$ radiation on the change of composition and susceptibility to soft rot during the storage of sweetpototoes and the radioresistance of spores of the soft rot fungus were investigated and the following results were obtained. 1) Gamma-irradiation of sweetpotatoes caused the increase in water-soluble sugar content and the decrease in ascorbic acid content during the storage. 2) The rate of oxygen uptake in sweetpotato slices becomes higher as the dose increases. But the oxygen uptake in slices irradiated with higher doses decreases along with the color change as the time passes. 3) Irradiation with high doses (above $2.5{\times}10^5$ rad) brought about the increased susceptibility to soft rot decay as the chilling injury did in the storage of sweetpotatoes. 4) Average lethal dose for the spores of Rhizopus nigricans was $3.0{\times}10^5$ rad and the complete death required the level of $1.25{\times}10^6$ rad.

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Seasonal Changes in Properties and Chemical Components of Xylem Sap from 'Hayward' and Wild Kiwifruit Species (채취시기에 따른 참다래와 야생다래의 수액특성 및 화학 성분변화)

  • Park, Yong-Seo;Na, Taek-Sang;Kim, Seung-Hwa;Lim, Dong-Gun;Na, Yang-Key;Lim, Keun-Cheol;Jung, Soon-Teck
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.11-14
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    • 1999
  • This experiment was conducted to estimate seasonal changes in the properties and chemical components of xylem sap from 'Hayward' (Actinidia chinensis Planch) and wild kiwifruit species (Actinidia aguta Sieb. et Zucc. Planch) in 1996 and 1997. Amount of bleeding sap from kiwifruit vines considerably decreased with collection time in both species. There was no difference in water content, soluble solid content, viscosity, and pH of the sap between 'Hayward' and wild species, while turbidity and organic acid contents were much higher in 'Hayward'. Fructose content was highest among free sugars, followed by glucose, sucrose, galactose and manitol in 'Hayward', but only low concentration of fructose and glucose was detected in wild species. The major inorganic components in the sap were calcium, potassium, and magnesium, and calcium was dominant among them. The saps of 'Hayward' and wild species were composed of 17 kinds of amino acids respectively, and major amino acids were glutamic acid, lysine, and isoleucine. Glutamic acid content was highest in both species and except histidine, contents of methionine and tyrosine were much higher in 'Hayward' than wild species. Concentrations of inorganic elements and amino acids were slightly increased with delaying collection time, but sugar contents decreased.

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The Quality Changes of Watery Kimchi made of Wild Vegetables by the Pre-Treatment Methods (전처리 방법에 따른 산채 물김치의 품질변화)

  • Lee, Hyo Young;Kwon, Hye Jeong;Park, A Reum;Choi, Byung Kon;Heo, Nam Kee
    • Culinary science and hospitality research
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    • v.20 no.6
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    • pp.136-146
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    • 2014
  • This study aimed to determine the physiochemical changes during maturation to examine the preparation of watery Kimchi with wild vegetables from Gangwon Province, and its use. The wild vegetables in this study included Ligularia fischeri, Aster scaber Thunb, and Cirsium setidens; a comparison was made between preservation in a saline solution and pre-treatment with blanching. As for treatment before preparation of watery Kimchi, the water content was the lowest at 81.45% for Aster scaber Thunb preserved in a saline solution and was found to be 87.39% for blanched Cirsium setidens. Blanching resulted in higher L, b, and a values for color value than treatment with a saline solution and Ligularia fischeri got the highest hardness, followed by Aster scaber Thunb and Cirsium setidens, from both types of treatment. As for the physiochemical properties during maturation, the total soluble solid content and salinity were kept higher by treatment with a saline solution than by blanching, whereas pH tended to get lower in both types of treatment. Turbidity became higher one week after treatment with a saline solution, but varied insignificantly afterward by any type of treatment. As for free sugar, both types of treatment increased the content of glucose and fructose and kept that of sucrose and maltose constant during maturation. As for overall acceptability, blanched watery Kimchi made of Cirsium setidens got the highest preference.