• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.24-33
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• 2022

The browning phenomenon of fruits can be easily observed when fruits or vegetables (apples, pears, bananas, potatoes, etc.) are cut with a knife and the part turns brown. When this browning occurs, changes in taste, color, and nutrients usually are introduced. The cause of this browning phenomenon has been well studied for a long time, but these studies have mainly focused on preventing deterioration of processed foods during food processing or storage. Resultantly, there are few studies on how much changes in nutrients (saccharides, amino acids, fats, water-soluble low molecular weight ammonium ions, etc.) are caused by browning. The purpose of this study is to determine the change in nutrients during browning using apple as a model fruit. We conducted a comparative study on how much the nutrient fluctuations differ depending on the presence or absence of pretreatment such as the application of heat. All analysis was conducted using ¹H NMR. The ANOVA analysis showed that the concentrations of 4 amino acids (alanine, asparagine, isoleucine, and valine), 3 types of sugars (fructose, glucose, and xylose), 1 type of organic acid (lactate) and choline were significantly increased in samples showing browning. In addition, the groups before and after browning were clearly separated using multivariate statistical analysis methods (PCA, PLS-DA), which was greatly contributed by two sugar components (fructose and glucose) present in high concentrations in apples.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2023

To understand antioxidant enzyme response of two contrasting Arundinella hirta ecotypes to drought stress, drought-tolerant Youngduk and drought-sensitive Jinju-1, were comparatively analyzed changes in the enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR). Two ecotypes, drought-tolerant Youngduk and drought-sensitive Jinju-1 were subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 12 days. ROS accumulation level and electrolytic leakage were significantly increased in both A. hirta ecotypes by drought stress treatment but less in Youngduk than Jinju-1. The RWC significantly decreased in both the drought stress-treated ecotypes as compared to control, but less in Youngduk than Jinju-1. Soluble sugar and protein content were increased more in drought stress-treated Youngduk as compared to Jinju-1. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, POD, APX, and GR increased significantly in both the drought stress-treated ecotypes Youngduk and Jinju-1 as compared to control. The increase in antioxidant enzyme activity level was more prominent in drought stress-treated Youngduk as compared to Jinju-1. Taken together, these results suggest that Youngduk was more tolerant to drought stress than Jinju-1, and seem to indicate that tolerance of A. hirta to drought stress is associated with increased activity of antioxidant enzymes.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.645-653
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• 2013

The results of examining total soluble solid, reducing sugar, antioxidant and sensory properties regarding LTD (Liriope Tuber Dried), LTSD (Liriope Tuber Steamed and Dried), LTASD (Liriope Tuber Alcohol-Steamed and Dried), LTDR (LTD Roasted), LTSDR (LTSD Roasted) and LTASDR (LTASD Roasted) are as follows : Total soluble solid content of the roasted samples (LTDR, LTSDR and LTASDR) was more than those of all dried samples (LTD, LTSD and LTASD). According to roasting conditions, total sugar and reducing sugar are significantly greater than the raw and dried sample (LTD) in all heat-treated samples. The browning index was significantly higher in all roasted samples. In particular, LTASDR had a high browning index. Further, the antioxidative activity of the roasted LT samples were higher than that of all dried LT samples. In particular, the LTASDR sample showed significantly high figures in DPPH scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, Nitrite scavenging activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Sensory properties showed an increased acceptance in all evaluation items among roasted samples. In this study, hot water extracts of steamed or alcohol-steamed roasted LT samples had a higher antioxidative effect than that of LTD or LTDR and attained positive results by getting high scores in the overall sensory evaluation. Therefore, when using Liriope tuber in making beverages or herbal recipes, it is appropriate to dry and roast before steaming or spreading with alcohol when treating LT.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.304-310
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• 1981

In order to observe the degree and response of drought-resistance and its physiological mechanism in barley and wheat, 5 species (16 cultivars) were tested for changes in plant height, seedling dry weight, chlorophyll content, leaf relative turgidity, soluble protein, reducing sugar and growth of seedling subjected to water stress by withholding watering for 8 days at 10 days (at the 3rd leaf stage) after emergence. The average rate of decrease of all cultivars was 15% in plant height, 24% in seedling dry weight, 32% in chlorophyll content, 27% in leaf relative turgidity, and 27% in protein. But reducing sugar content of control was increased 4 folds more than that of water stress. In the decreased rate of seedling dry weight of each cultivar, rye was shown to be lowest rate, and Baegdong, Mokpo #55, and 3 two-row barley were shown to be the highest rate. The degree of the decreased rate in 5 species was in the order of rye < < wheat < covered barley < naked barley < two-row barley. in the decreased rate of chlorophyll content, rye, Cheonggaemil and Olmil are the lowest group, and the highest one are Milyang #12, Bangsa #6, Hyangmaeg and Sacheon #4. In the decreased rate of leaf relative turgidity, the lowest group (22-25%) were rye, Cheonggaemil and Dongbori #1, and, on the other hand, the highest group (30-33%) were Baegdong and 3 two-row barley. In the decreased rate of soulble protein, the lowest group (14-17%) were Chogwang, Geurumil, Dongbori #1, and Mokpo #55, and the highest one was 3 two-row barley. The increased ratio of reducing sugar of water stress to control was 4 to 5 folds in rye and wheat, and about 2 folds in naked barley and 3 two-row barley. The degree of the increased ratio of 5 species was in the order of rye > wheat > covered barley > naked barley > two-row barley. In terms of the physiological and adaptive metabolism during the processing leading to drought-resistance, the degree of drought-resistance of 5 species to water stress at seedling stage was shown to be in the order of rye > wheat > covered barley > naked barley > two-row-barley.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2001

The effects of water soaking and gamma irradiation on the storage quality of chestnuts (Castanea crenata) were investigated. Chestnuts weirs soaked in water for 48 hrs at room temperature, irradiated at 0, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 kGy of $\^$60/Co gamma ray, and then stored at 0$\^{C}$ and 95$\pm$2% RH for 9 months. Spouting was observed at the end of storage only in chestnuts that were soaked and irradiated at below 0.25 kGy. Rotting was found from the early stage of storage in all pre-treatment conditions, but the rotting rate of soaked chestnuts was higher twice than unsoaked ones after 9 months of storage. Weight loss was lower in soaked than unseated samples regardless of irradiation dose. Loss of flesh firmness was appreciably retarded as irradiation dose increased. Total sugar content decreased slowly in irradiated samples at the later periods of storage. Gamma irradiation resulted in the decrease of vitamin C content immediately after treatment, but retarded its loss rate during storage. Soluble tannin content was not affected by gamma irradiation at scout inhibition doses.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.13-44
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• 1982

1. Since long time ago, it has been talked about that soaking wood into water for a long time would be profitable for the decreasing of defects such as checking, cupping and bow due to the undue-shrinking and swelling. There are, however, no any actual data providing this fact definitly, although there are some guesses that water soluble extractives might effect on this problem. On the other hand, this is a few work which has been done about the effect of water soluble extractives upon the some physical properties of wood and that it might be related to the above mentioned problem. If man does account for that whether soaking wood into water for a long time would be profitable for the decreasing of defects due to the undue-shrinking and swelling in comparison with unsoaking wood or not, it may bring a great contribution on the reasonable uses of wood. To account for the effect of water soluble extractives upon physical properties of wood, this study has been made at the wood technology laboratory, School of Forestry, Yale university, under competent guidance of Dr. F. F. Wangaard, with the following three different species which had been provided at the same laboratory. 1. Pinus strobus 2. Quercus borealis 3. Hymenaea courbaril 2. The physical properties investigated in this study are as follows. a. Equilibrium moisture content at different relative humidity conditions. b. Shrinkage value from gre condition to different relative humidity conditions and oven dry condition. c. Swelling value from oven dry condition to different relative humidity conditions. d. Specific gravity 3. In order to investigate the effect of water soluble extractives upon physical properties of wood, the experiment has been carried out with two differently treated specimens, that is, one has been treated into water and the other into sugar solution, and with controlled specimens. 4. The quantity of water soluble extractives of each species and the group of chemical compounds in the extracted liquid from each species have shown in Table 36. Between species, there is some difference in quantity of extractives and group of chemical compounds. 5. In the case of equilibrium moisture contents at different relative humidity condition, (a) Except the desorption case at 80% R. H. C. (Relative Humidity Condition), there is a definite line between untreated specimens and treated specimens that is, untreated specimens hold water more than treated specimens at the same R.H.C. (b) The specimens treated into sugar solution have shown almost the same tendency in results compared with the untreated specimens. (c) Between species, there is no any definite relation in equilibrium moisture content each other, however E. M. C. in heartwood of pine is lesser than in sapwood. This might cause from the difference of wood anatomical structure. 6. In the case of shrinkage, (a) The shrinkage value of the treated specimen into water is more than that of the untreated specimens, except anyone case of heartwood of pine at 80% R. H. C. (b) The shrinkage value of treated specimens in the sugar solution is less than that of the others and has almost the same tendency to the untreated specimens. It would mean that the penetration of some sugar into the wood can decrease the shrinkage value of wood. (c) Between species, the shrinkage value of heartwood of pine is less than sapwood of the same, shrinkage value of oak is the largest, Hymenaea is lesser than oak and more than pine. (d) Directional difference of shrinkage value through all species can also see as other all kind of species previously tested. (e) There is a definite relation in between the difference of shrinkage value of treated and untreated specimens and amount of extractives, that is, increasing extractives gives increasing the difference of shrinkage value between treated and untreated specimens. 7. In the case of swelling, (a) The swelling value of treated specimens is greater than that of the untreated specimens through all cases. (b) In comparison with the tangential direction and radial direction, the swelling value of tangential direction is larger than that of radial direction in the same species. (c) Between species, the largest one in swelling values is oak and the smallest pine heartwood, there are also a tendency that species which shrink more swell also more and, on the contrary, species which shrink lesser swell also lesser than the others. 8. In the case of specific gravity, (a) The specific gravity of the treated specimens is larger than that of untreated specimens. This reversed value between treated and untreated specimens has been resulted from the volume of specimen of oven dry condition. (b) Between species, there are differences, that is, the specific gravity of Hymenaea is the largest one and the sapwood of pine is the smallest. 9. Through this investigation, it has been concluded that soaking wood into plain water before use without any special consideration may bring more hastful results than unsoaking for use of wood. However soaking wood into the some specially provided solutions such as salt water or inorganic matter may be dissolved in it, can be profitable for the decreasing shrinkage and swelling, checking, shaking and bow etc. if soaking wood into plain water might bring the decreasing defects, it might come from even shrinking and swelling through all dimension.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.75
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• pp.352-356
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• 2006

Quantity of protein, amino acid, and sugar leaked from seeds was greater as the viability of seeds was dropped by the time elapsed of seed aging treatment. In the seeds with the artificial aging treatment for 20 days, 35.8 mg of protein was leaked on the 4th day after soaking, which was 6.9 times higher than that of control. Leakage of amino acid was also higher from low quality seeds treated with the aging treatment. In the seeds with the aging treatment for 20 days, $36.5{\mu}g$ fig of sugar was leaked on the 4th day after soaking, which was 2.8 times higher than that of control. The leakage of inorganic compound was higher from the low quality seeds, and leakage of total protein, amino acid, and sugar. According to .the quantity of leakage, water soluble compounds, which can be used for the assessment of seed quality without any destruction, were protein and potassium. Germination rate and percentage of seeds were dropped with the seed aging treatment, and the seed viability could be recovered by priming treatment. This phenomenon was very clear when the low quality seeds were germinated at low temperature.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2005

Panax ginseng leaves are produced as the by-product when Panax ginseng roots were harvested. The Panax ginseng leaves was examed for the applicable possibility as the functional food. In this study, the changes in chemical composition of Panax ginseng leaves was examed by three methods as the hot-air dried(DRT), the aged tea(AGT) and the heat processed tea(HPT). The general composition of Panax ginseng leaves tea was shown as similar results in 3 different process methods. The level of the crude lipid and reducing sugar concentration were decreased slightly in HPT. The free sugar content of DRT was higher than the HPT and AGT. The existence of the higher content of free sugar composition in order are sucrose, fructose and glucose. The concentration of serine was the highest in the free amino acids, which were shown from 309.6 mg% to 336.6 mg%. The contents of free amino acid in Panax ginseng leaves made by DRT was higher than by AGT and HPT. The concentration of Ca was shown as the highest content among the minerals and was 2,115 mg%. The contents of minerals were existed in order of Ca, K, Mg, P, Na, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu. But there were hardly any remarkable differences of mineral concentrations of Panax ginseng leaves tea made by different processing methods. The concentration of water soluble solid of Panax ginseng leaves tea processed by HPT was higher than by DRT and AGT. The concentration of ascorbic acid was shown the highest value of 424.4mg% in HPT. There was no differences in the fatty acid composition according to their processing methods. The concentration of palmitic acid was higher than that of other fatty acid. The order of fatty acid concentration were palmitic aicd, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid, abundantly. As a conclusion, HPT was shown as the best process method for the production of Panax ginseng leaves tea.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the change of phenolic compounds after phosphite treatment on Cheorwon onion. Onion is a perennial plant belonging to the lily family. It is native to Persia of Southwest Asia. It is widely cultivated in the temperate regions of the world. Onion is a good name for the 'Okchong' to drop blood cholesterol and cardiovascular blood flow to increase the prevention of adult diseases. Cheorwon area is inland, but it has high continental climate due to its high altitude. Therefore it is said that the onion cultivated in this region has higher sugar content and higher taste than onion grown in the southern region. Phosphorus components are particularly important ingredients for promoting muscle development. However, if the phosphoric acid content of the soil part is maintained to a large extent until the harvest, the competition of the nutrients tends to cause decay of the root part. Therefore, it is important to improve the quality and shelf life of onion by inducing nutrient balance by applying foliar fertilization method on the reducing phosphorus at harvest time. In this study, acidity was controlled by diluting phosphorous acid(H₃PO₃) and potassium hydroxide(KOH), followed by leaf surface treatment with phosphite on onion. In this study, the concentration of phosphite was diluted to 500, 1,000, 1,500ppm and sprayed three times over the onion leaves in May 2018 using an atomizer and harvested at the end of June, and the phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC. As a result, the content of quercetin, one of the important substances in onion, was phosphite 500ppm(179.70㎍/g), 1,000(150.27), 1,500(105.95). The contents of caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, kaempferol, and sugar content were higher in the treatments than in the control. Therefore, the phosphite does not have a great influence on the growth, but it may play a role as a method of achieving balance with nitrogen in the rainy season by supplying the role of the material catalyst and the water soluble phosphoric acid and the potassium in the influence of the material change.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.51-63
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• 2007

Objectives : For the congenital feeble, the Gongjindan is useful medicine. The experiment is to estimate the value of the Gongjindan as therapeutic agent preventing against aging with an analysis of the ingredients and the bio-activating effects by enzymologic methods. Methods : General ingredients' of the Gongjindan's extract were analyzed first and the quantitative analysis of a reducing sugar, a soluble protein, an amino acid and minerals was made. The Gongjindan, which is extracted, concentrated, and freeze drying with water, ethanol and chloroform, have got applied for the experiment. The effects on electronic donating ability, SOD-like activity, nitric oxide inhibition, xanthine oxidase inhibition, whitening effect have been investigated in the physiological activity measurement of function experiment. Results : The contained amino acid, in order of high amount, is Arginine, Alanine, Glutamic acid, Proline and the contained free amino acid is Glutamic acid, Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine. The derivative of free amino acid is ${\gamma}-Aminoisobutyric$ acid, Phosphoserine, Taurine. And the Gongjindan is containing 13 species of minerals in order of Ca>K>Na>Mg>Fe>AI>Mn. Then, to assure of the Gongjindan's capability of anti-oxidation, these following subjects-polyphenol, electronic donating ability, SOD-like activity, nitric oxide inhibition, xanthine oxidase inhibition, tyrosinase inhibition- are analyzed and show high activity especially the most in ethanol extracts. Conclusion : With this analysis of ingredients, the Gongjindan is containing many materials functioning as anti-oxidation, anti-aging, anti-fatigue, neurotransmitter and immune agent. Moreover, In every water, ethanol, chloroform extracts, the Gongjindan's capability of anti-oxidation is confirmed so that we can apply to patients' treatment clinically.