• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.632-641
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• 2018

Algal dynamics is controlled by multiple environmental factors such as flow dynamics, water temperature, trophic level, and irradiance. Underwater irradiance penetrating from the atmosphere is exponentially decreased in water column due to absorption and scattering by water molecule and suspended particles including phytoplankton. As the exponential decrease in underwater irradiance affects algal photosynthesis, regulating their spatial distribution, it is critical to understand the light extinction characteristics to find out the mechanisms of algal dynamics more systematically. Despite the significance, the recent data have been rarely reported in the main stream areas of large rivers, Korea. In this study, the euphotic depths and light extinction coefficients were determined by monitoring the vertical variation of underwater irradiance and water quality in the main channel of Nakdong River near Dodong Seowon once a week during summer of 2016. The average values of euphotic depth and light extinction coefficient were 4.0 m and $1.3m^{-1}$, respectively. The degree of light extinction increased in turbid water due to flooding, causing an approximate 50 % decrease in euphotic depth. Also, the impact was greater than the self-shading effect during the periods of cyanobacterial bloom. The individual light extinction coefficients for background, total suspended solid and algal levels, frequently used in surface water quality modeling, were determined as $0.305m^{-1}$, $0.090m^{-1}/mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $0.013m^{-1}/{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. The values estimated in this study were within or close to the ranges reported in literatures.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.573-584
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the causes of fish kills in the Yudeung Stream in Daejeon, Korea using literature reviews, governmental and our water quality monitoring data of the study site, rainfall data, intensive water quality monitoring during rainfall events, sediment pollutant contents and laboratory bioassay tests. Fish kill in urban streams can be caused by combined effect of reduction in dissolved oxygen concentration, increase in toxic material or increase in turbidity in waterbody due to introduction of surface runoff or effluent of combined sewer overflows after rainfall from the watershed areas. Despite of extensive and intensive field surveys and laboratory tests, it was found that those conventional methods have limitations to identify causes of fish kills in urban streams. It would be necessary to use dynamic water quality modeling to predetermine the range and level of water pollution in the stream and automatic water quality monitoring system that can collect water samples and detect water quality continuously.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2008

It is often believed that a more complex water quality model is better able to simulate reality. The more complex a model, however, the more parameters are involved thus increases the cost and uncertainty of modeling processes. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of two steady-state river water quality models, QUAL2E and QUAL-NIER, that have different complexity. QUAL-NIER is recently developed by National Institute of Environmental Research aiming to enhance the simulation capability of QUAL2E for eutrophic rivers. It is a carbon based model that considers different forms, such as dissolved versus particulate and labile versus refractory, of carbon and nutrients, and the contribution of autochthonous loading due to algal metabolism. The models were simultaneously applied to Nakdong River and their performance was evaluated by statistical verification with field data. Both models showed similar performance and satisfactorily replicated the longitudinal variations of BOD, T-N, T-P, Chl.a concentrations along the river. The algal blooms occurred at the stagnant reaches of downstream were also reasonably captured by the models. Although QUAL-NIER somewhat reduced the magnitude of errors, the hypothesis tests revealed no statistical evidence to justify its better performance. The contribution of autochthonous carbon and nutrient load by algal metabolism was insignificant because the hydraulic retention time is relatively short compare to the time scale of kinetic reactions. The results imply that the kinetic processes included in QUAL-NIER are too complex for the nature and scale of the real processes involved, thus needs to be optimized for improving the modeling efficiency.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2000

This study compares the results of environmental impact assessment with the results of post-environmental investigation, using the case of Taean thermal power plant construction. The atmospheric and water qualities were not greatly changed before and after the construction of the power plant. However, the site of the highest concentration predicted by the atmospheric quality modeling in environmental impact assessment was different from that after operation of 4 power plants. There was also a difference in the diffusion range of thermal discharge water between the measured result(1km) and the predicted value(1.5km) with the model. Thus, environmental impact evaluation should be based on long-term (more than a year) environmental monitoring data. For the modeling of atmospheric quality and numerical thermal discharge water diffusion, appropriate models for each plant should be selected and the numerical modeling should be accompanied by computer simulation, wind tunnel test, etc. Moreover, environmental evaluation should focus more on the degree of impact on surroundings than the prediction of changes in surroundings caused by operation of plants.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.819-832
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• 2012

HSPF model based on BASINS was applied for the Hwaseong Reservoir watershed (HRW) to evaluate the feasibility of water quality management. The watershed was divided into 45 sub-basins considering various watershed environment. Streamflow was calibrated based on the measured meteorological data, discharge data of treatment plants and observed streamflow data for 2010 year. Then the model was calibrated against the field measurements of water qualities, including BOD, T-N and T-P. In most cases, there were reasonable agreements between observed and predicted data. The validated model was used to analyze the characterization of pollutant load from study area. As a result, Non-point source pollutant loads during the rainy season was about 66~78% of total loads. In rainy-season, water quality parameters depended on precipitation and pollutant loads patterns, but their concentration were not necessarily high during the rainy season, and showed a decreasing trend with increasing water flow. As another result of evaluation for load duration curves, in order to improve water qualities to the satisfactory level, the watershed managements considering both time-variant and pollution sources must be required in the HRW. Overall, it was found that the model could be used conveniently to assess watershed characteristics and pollutant loads in watershed scale.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.902-909
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• 2009

With various reservoirs, dams and reduction of water velocity in downstream, rivers in Korea often have characteristics of accumulation of pollutants. Therefore, the main focus of water quality modeling in Korea needs to be shifted from DO to algae and organic matter. Moreover the structures of water quality models should be modified to have capability of simulating BOD which is a key factor of total water pollution load management in Korea as laboratory experiment BOD (Bottle $BOD_5$). In the SWAT model which is one of the widely used water quality models in Korea, the channel water quality module is using main algorithm of the QUAL2E model which has limitations in simulating algae, organic matter and Bottle BOD5 etc. To overcome this hindrance, in this study, the improved channel water quality module of the SWAT model (Q-SWAT) was proposed by linking the algorithms of the QUAL-NIER model which was developed based on the QUAL2E model to the SWAT model. The algorithms estimating the increase of internal organic matter by fractionization algal metabolism process and calculating Bottle $BOD_5$ were added and the results of proposed model were compared to those of the original SWAT model. The results of comparison test are showing that more accurate BOD values can be obtained with the Q-SWAT model and it is anticipated that the Q-SWAT model can be used as an effective tool of decision support through the water quality simulation and long term pollution source analysis.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2005년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1184-1188
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• 2005

The impacts of turbidity flow induced by summer rainfall events on water supply, aquatic ecosystems, and socioeconomics are significant and major concerns in most of reservoirs operations. As a decision support tool, the real-time turbidity flow monitoring and modeling system RTMMS is under development using a laterally integrated two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic and water quality model. The objectives of this paper is to present the preliminary field observation results on the characteristics of rainfall-induced turbidity flows and their density flow regimes, and the model performance in replicating the fate and transport of turbidity plume in a reservoir. The rainfall-induced turbidity flows caused significant drop of river water temperature by 5 to $10^{\circ}C$ and resulted in density differences of 1.2 to $2.6kg/m^3$ between inflow water and ambient reservoir water, which consequently led development of density flows such as plunge flow and interflow in the reservoir. The 2D model was set up for the reservoir. and applied to simulate the temperature stratification, density flow regimes, and temporal and spatial turbidity distributions during flood season of 2004 After intensive refinements on grid resolutions , the model showed efficient and satisfactory performance in simulating the observed reservoir thermal stratification and turbidity profiles that all are essentially required to enhance the performance of RTMMS.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.737-751
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• 2002

용담댐 건설 후 방류 유량 및 방류 수질의 변화에 따라 계산된 금강상류의 모의결과를 이용하여 대청호 수질 변화를 예측하였다. 용담댐의 방류수량, 수질 그리고 대청호의 유량 시나리오는 이 은형 등(2002)이 금강의 모의를 위해 사용한 것과 동일하게 보았으며, 각 경우의 결과를 연구기간중의 실측수질과 실측유량을 사용했을 경우의 결과와 비교하였다. 용담호 방류량의 변화는 대청호 입구 수질에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 대청호댐 부근의 수질에는 영향이 상당 부분 완화되어 나타나는 경향을 나타냈다. 이는 BOD, TN 그리고 TP 성분들이 대청호 내부를 이동하면서 분해 또는 침강하여 제거되었기 때문에 나타나는 현상이다. 최대 갈수년을 기준으로 보았을 때, 용담댐의 방류량은 TP 농도 기준으로는 최소 8.9 ㎥/sec 이상을, TN 농도를 기준으로 볼 때는 8.9 $m^3$/sec 이하를 유지하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 예측되었다. 따라서 대청호의 수직에 영향을 미치지 않는 적정 수준의 용담댐 방류량은 8.9 $m^3$/sec 인 것으로 분석된다. 대청호의 수질에 미치는 영향은 갈수년에 특히 분명하게 나타나고 있으며 동시에 용담호의 수질에 따라 크게 다른 양상을 보이고 있다. 즉 용담댐 방류수의 수질이 일정 수준이하를 유지하는 경우에 한해서 용담호의 방류량이 증가함에 따라 대청호의 수질에 개선효과가 나타나는 것으로 분석되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 확보가 가능한 자료와 저자들의 경험에 의해 제작된 시나리오를 근거로 수질예측을 실시하였다. 향후 용담호 및 용담댐 방류수 그리고 금강 상류 및 대청호의 오염원 그리고 수문 및 수리학적 거동에 대한 자료가 보완될 경우 더욱 합리적인 예측이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1228-1237
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• 2005

퇴적물 내에 포함되어 있는 오염물질이 장기적으로 수질에 미치는 영향을 예측하고, 준설에 따른 수질개선 효과를 예측하여 준설규모나 위치를 선정하는데 적용할 수 있는 수환경 모형을 개발하였다. 대상수역의 수질수문자료를 중심으로 구역을 분획하고 매개변수를 추정하여 모의한 후, 변수에 대한 민감도 분석을 통하여 최적의 값들을 결정하였다. 이를 토대로 시범수역 A의 PCBs 농도를 장기간 모니터링 한 결과, 가장 오염되어 있는 구간의 수층 PCBs 농도는 30년 후 $3.1\;{\mu}g/L$에서 $2.4\;{\mu}g/L$로 감소하는 것으로 예측되었다. 이는 퇴적층의 오염물질이 수층의 오염공급원으로 존재하는 한, 장시간이 지나더라도 수층의 농도는 크게 감소하지 않아 퇴적물로부터의 오염원의 공급을 원천적으로 차단하지 않고는 수질개선효과는 기대하기 어려울 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 심각한 오염지역의 오염물질을 선택적으로 준설함으로써 수층의 수질개선 효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2009

Reliable long-term flows by SWAT-K model were applied to the relationship between stream flow and pollutant load derived from 8-day measured data of Ministry of Environment (MOE) in order to obtain continuous loadograph and evaluate accuracy in water quality modeling for the Chungju dam watershed. The measured flow were compared with flow duration curve from the model, and it showed that measured values corresponded to the almost full range of stream flow conditions except at Odae A. And there was significant relationship ($R^2=0.60{\sim}0.97$) between measured flow and water quality load at all unit-watersheds. Applying this relationship to simulated flows, continuous loadograph was obtained and compared with modeled pollutant loads. Although there were some differences during some dry and flood seasons, those were not significant and overall trend showed a good agreement. From the results, we would be able to derive a continuous loadograph based on measured data at total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) unit-watersheds on a national scale, in which stream flow and water quality have been measured at 8-day intervals since 2004, and this could be helpful to utilize distributed water quality models with difficulty in calibrating and validating parameters from lack of measured data at present.