• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.33 no.1-2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1998

In the western Weddell Sea, winter mixed layer is characterized by near-freezing temperature and higher salinity due to brine injection through sea-ice formation. This layer becomes Winter Water being capped by warmer and less saline Antarctic Surface Water during the sea-ice melt-ing season. In this study, Winter Water was preliminarily identified by the oxygen isotopic com-positions. The ${\delta}^{18}$O values of Winter Water show the progressively increasing trend from south to north in the study area. It presumably reflects the enhanced mixing with Antarctic Surface Water due to the extent of influence by low S'"0 value of sea-ice/glacier meltwater. Correlations between salinity and 6'"0 values of seawater can be used to more generally characterize Winter Water with a view to identification. However, the prediction on the degree of mixing from these relationships needs more detailed isotope data, although this study allows the oxygen isotopic composition of seawater as a tracer to identify the water mass.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2004

Hormonal requirements inducing different regeneration pathways with particular emphasis on somatic embryo-genesis in Alhagi graecorum were studied. While combination of 0.5 $\mu{M}$ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2.5 $\mu{M}$ 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 5 $\mu{M}$ 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in MS medium induced callus formation and callus maintenance from internodal explants, each alone or in combination with other induced distinct regeneration pathway. Adventitious bud formation was induced on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 $\mu{M}$ BAP. It was improved when 2.5 $\mu{M}$ BAP was used in combination with 5 $\mu{M}$ NAA. MS medium containing 0.5 $\mu{M}$ 2,4-D or 5 $\mu{M}$ NAA induced the formation of abnormal direct somatic embryos. While increase of 2,4-D concentration (1.125-9) resulted in the formation of viable embryogenic mass, increase of NAA did not change its effect. NAA should be used in combination with 2,4-D even at low concentration (0.5 $\mu{M}$) to form embryogenic mass. In A. gaecorum, the role of 2,4-D as trigger of somatic embryogenesis and BAP as trigger of adventitious bud formation was deduced, but for maximum yield certain auxin-cytokinin ratio should be applied. Embryogenic masses characterized by high water content, low peroxidase activity, and low number of peroxidase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase bands in comparison with calli obtained under conditions stimulating adventitious bud formation. The resulted differential gene expression, which could be detected by native-PAGE patterns, could be used as marker for organogenic pathway in A. graecorum.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.69-82
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• 2022

The Ross Sea, Antarctica plays an important role in the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) which is the densest water mass in global thermohaline circulation. Of the AABW, 25% is formed in the Ross Sea, and sea ice formation at the polynya (ice-free area) developed in front of ice shelves of the Ross Sea is considered as a pivotal mechanism for AABW production. For this reason, monitoring the Ross Sea variations is very important to understand changes of global thermohaline circulation influenced by climate change. In addition, the Ross Sea is also regarded as a natural laboratory in investigating ice-ocean interactions owing to the development of the polynya. In this article, I introduce characteristics of the Ross Sea described in previous observational studies, and investigate variations that have occurred in the Ross Sea in the past and those taking place in the present. Furthermore, based on these observational results, I outline variations or changes that can be anticipated in the Ross Sea in the future, and make an appeal to researchers regarding the importance and necessity of continuous observations in the Ross Sea.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.291-300
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• 1998

Recently, upwelling of anoxic bottom water mass have been frequently observed in northeast part of Tokyo Bay in Japan during summer to autumn. Since the colour of water surface becomes milkyblue or milkygeen, the upwelling phenomenon Is called 'Blue Tide'. The data analysis of field surveys during 'Blue Tide' appearance have been performed for understanding the physical features of the 'Blue Tide' phenomena In Tokyo Bay. It becomes clear that (1) the formation of the anoxic bottom water correlates well with the temperature difference between the surface and bottom waters, (21 there are two necessary conditions for generating 'Blue Tide': that Is, strong stratincation and off-shore wind. The strong southwest(on-shored wand before the 'Blue Tide' appearance may play an iniportant role to make the striancation strengthen. When these conditions are larger and the northeast or east-northeast (off-shored wind stronger than S ifs blows In succession, the 'Blue Tide' upwelling appears at the head of Tokyo Bay.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.418-429
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• 2018

Measurements of 24-hr size-segregated ambient particles were made at an urban site of Gwangju under high pressure conditions occurred in the Korean Peninsula late in March 2018. The aim of this study was to understand the effect of air stagnation on mass size distributions and formation pathways of water-soluble organic and inorganic components. During the study period, the $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NH_4{^+}$, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and humic-like substances(HULIS) exhibited mostly bi-modal size distributions peaking at 1.0 and $6.2{\mu}m$, with predominant droplet modes. In particular, outstanding droplet mode size distributions were observed on March 25 when a severe haze occurred due to stable air conditions and long range transport of aerosol particles from northeastern regions of China. Air stagnation conditions and high relative humidity during the study period resulted in accumulation of primary aerosol particles from local emission sources and enhanced formation of secondary ionic and organic aerosols through aqueous-phase oxidations of $SO_2$, $NO_2$, $NH_3$, and volatile organic compounds, leading to their dominant droplet mode size distributions at particle size of $1.0{\mu}m$. From the size distribution of $K^+$ in accumulation mode, it can be inferred that in addition to the secondary organic aerosol formations, accumulation mode WSOC and HULIS could be partly attributed to biomass burning emissions.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.97-113
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• 2020

In-situ observations were carried out in April 2015 to investigate the occurrence of water temperature inversion in a region west of Jeju Island. Analysis of in-situ in the western part of Jeju island showed that cold water moved to the southeast from the surface to the middle layer and warm water moved from the middle to the lower layer of the northwest direction. The water temperature inversion occurred at 84 stations (63.1%) out of 133 stations. At the boundary of the water temperature inversion layer, it was formed in the middle layer and disappeared. In the strongly appearing, it started from the middle layer to the lower layer. The shape of the water temperature inversion layer was different. As a result of horizontal water temperature slope analysis of the water temperature inversion zone, maximum 0.23℃/km was obtained and the mean was 0.06℃/km. The role of water temperature inversion as an indicator to determine the formation of water front. As a result of the water mass analysis, Jeju Warm Current Water and Tsushima Warm Current Water of high temperature and high salt intruded from the middle to the bottom. In the middle layer occurred as the Yellow Sea Cold Water of low water temperature and low salinity expanded.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05b
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• pp.2989-2994
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• 2007

Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline compounds that form under low temperature and elevated pressure conditions. Although hydrate formation can pose serious flow-assurance problems in the gas pipelines or facilities, gas hydrates present a novel means for natural gas storage and transportation with potential applications in a wide variety of areas. An important property of hydrates that makes them attractive for use in gas storage and transportation is their very high gas-to-solid ratio. In addition to the high gas content, gas hydrates are remarkably stable. The main barrier to development of gas hydrate technology is the lack of an effective method to mass produce gas hydrate in solid form. The first objective of this study is investigating the characteristics of gas hydrate formation related to several factors such as pressure, temperature, water-to-storage volume ratio, concentration of SDS, heat transfer and whether stirred or not respectively. And the second objective is clarifying the relation between the formation efficiency and each factor in order to find the proper way or direction to improve the formation performance.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.447-456
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• 2017

Chemical properties of aerosols were investigated by analyzing the inorganic water-soluble content in $PM_{2.5}$ collected in the downtown area of Jeju City in Jeju Island. Due to an increase in both the number of visiting tourists and the size of local population, the number of cars in this area is increasing, causing an increase in $PM_{2.5}$. Eight $PM_{2.5}$-bound major inorganic ions were analyzed during the summer and winter periods. The water-soluble inorganic component represents a significant fraction of $PM_{2.5}$. In particular, secondary inorganic aerosols contribute 36.2% and 47.5% of $PM_{2.5}$ mass in summer and winter, respectively. Nitrate concentrations increase for $[NH_4{^+}]/[SO_4{^{2-}}]$>1.5, and excess ammonium, which is necessary for ammonium nitrate formation, is linearly correlated with nitrate. These results are clearly observed during the winter because conditions are more conducive to the formation of ammonium nitrate. A significant negative correlation between Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio (NOR) and temperature was observed. The obtained results can be useful for a better understanding of the aerosol dynamics in the downtown area in Jeju City.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.610-617
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• 2013

Investigating the budgets of alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in lake water systems is significant for the examination of the behavior of a lake as a sink or a source with respect to the circulation of inorganic carbon chemistry. Budgets of total alkalinity ($Alk_T$) and DIC in Onondaga Lake, which was polluted by chronic calcium (Ca) loading in spite of the closure of soda ash ($Na_2CO_3$) facility, were determined by the analyses of inorganic carbon chemistry in tributary stream channels linked to the lake. AlkT and DIC fluxes of Onondaga Creek and Ninemile Creek occupied 65% and 54%, respectively, as larger tributary streams in comparison with other tributaries as well as different input sources. Budget calculations indicate that 18% of AlkT and 11% of DIC inputs to Onondaga Lake, respectively, remained immobilized in the Lake. This suggests that Ca chronically leached had been precipitated with inorganic carbon or remineralized by secondary mineral formation during the experimental period. In this study, the assumed mass balance calculation in Onondaga Lake with tributary streams resulted in exhibiting that the lake played a role of the sink for the inorganic carbon cycle.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2000

Assuming that summer surface waters in the South Sea (northern East China Sea) are formed mostly by a mixing of three source water (Changjiang Discharge Water; Kuroshio Water and Yellow Sea Surface Water) we apply optimum multiparameter (OMP) analysis to calculate the mixing ratio of each source water to a given surface water. Since OMP requires more parameters than the number of water types (three in this study), we utilize two radium isotopes of dissolved $^{226}Ra\;and\;^{228}Ra$ along with temperature and salinity. Parameter values of each source water are deduced from in situ and historical data. Results with three source of waters on the surface waters are quite promising with less than $1\%$ of unanswered portions. Results not only reproduce the measured temperature and salinity faithfully but also discern the water masses of similar T and S according to their source water mixing. Extending OMP analysis to a whole water column obviously requires more parameters because more source waters are involved in the water mass formation. Original OMP routine utilized dissolved oxygen and nutrients. However, they seem to be perturbed too much by biological activities in the case of shallow waters. We discussed the use of other potential parameters. Also the benefit of parameter substitution is briefly introduced for the future OMP application on shallow waters.