• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2005

Radical scavenging activity of water and methanol extracts of mulberry juice and cake prepared from mulberry fruit (Morus spp.) was evaluated using three in vitro assay systems. Mulberry fruits were homogenized with $0.5\%$ trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in distilled water, filtered with cheeze-cloth and centrifuged to yield mulberry juice and cake. Mulberry juice was evaporated and solubilized in $0.5\%$ TFA in distilled water or $0.5\%$ TFA in $80\%$ aqueous methanol, followed by filtration and evaporation to obtain water (WMJ) and methanol (MMJ) extracts of mulberry juice. Mulberrry cake also was extracted with the above same solvents, and thereby finally obtaining water (WMC) and methanol (MMC) extracts of mulberry cake. Among four extracts, the MMC showed the most potent radical scavenging activity against DPPH radical $(IC_{50}=167.45\;{\mu}g/mL)$, and superoxide $(IC_{50}=36.18\;{\mu}g/mL)$ and hydroxyl radicals $(IC_{50}=467.08\;{\mu}g/mL)$. The WMC also exhibited stronger radical scavenging activity than those of two other mulberry juice extract, WMJ and MMJ. Meanwhile, the MMJ exerted stronger three radical scavenging activity than the WMJ. Total phenolic content of the water and MeOH extracts from mulberry cake was higher than that of the water and MeOH extracts from mulberry juice. Thus, these results suggest that the extracts of mulberry cake with high dietary phenolics may be useful potential source of natural antioxidant as radical scavenger.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.352-357
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to investigate extraction characteristics and antioxidative activity of Lycium chinense extracts. Lycium chinense were extracted by reflux extraction(RE) under different extraction conditions including solvent. The solid yield, turbidity, color value, titratable acidity, free sugar contents, electron donating ability(EDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like ability of Lycium chinense extracts were determined. The highest solid yield value were obtained with water of 10 fold. No significant difference in turbidity and color value were found among the extracts prepared with various extraction solvents, 75$\%$ ethanol, 50$\%$ ethanol and water. The highest titratable acidity were obtained with water of Lycium chinense. The free sugar contents of Lycium chinense extracted with water showed the highest value. Lycium chinense extracts with water included higher contents of free sugar compared with those of the other solvent extracts, 50$\%$ ethanol and 75$\%$ ethanol extracts. The total polyphenol compounds content of Lycium chinense extracted with 50% ethanol showed the highest value. Lycium chinense extracts with 50$\%$ ethanol included higher contents of total polyphenol compound compared with those of the other solvent extracts, water and 75$\%$ ethanol extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1656-1663
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• 2009

The antioxidant activities of water extracts from wild vegetables such as Ligularia fischeri (GC), Capsicum annuum L. (GCY), Aster scaber (CNM), Petasites japonicus S. et Z. Max (MYD), Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam) (GGM) were evaluated and compared with water extracts from freeze dried block. The antioxidant properties of water extracts from wild vegetables and their freeze dried block were evaluated using different antioxidant tests; 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitrite scavenging activities. The water extracts from wild vegetables were found to have a higher total phenolic content than water extracts from freeze dried block. Total phenolic contents of water extracts from GC, GCY, CNM, MYD, and GGM were $471.66{\pm}3.52\;{\mu}g/mg,\;141.33{\pm}2.51\;{\mu}g/mg,\;177.33{\pm}2.88\;{\mu}g/mg,\;238.66{\pm}9.50\;{\mu}g/mg\;and\;122.67{\pm}3.51\;{\mu}g/mg$, respectively. At the concentrations of 1000 ppm, water extracts from GC, GCY, CNM, and GGM showed higher activities than water extracts from their freeze dried block on DPPH radical scavenger activity. The activity of water extracts from CNM, GC, GCY, MYD, and GGM were 90.9%, 89.9%, 76.6%, 71.1%, and 57.4%, respectively. When 10000 ppm of GC, GCY, CNM, MYD, and GGM water extracts tested for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, activities were increased by 38.8%, 33.4%, 35.9%, 34.3%, and 33.8%, respectively and a similar effect was found with water extracts from GCY, CNM, and GGM freeze dried block at 10000 ppm concentration. However, the water extracts from GC and MYD was slightly more effective than freeze dried block extracts. The water extracts from wild vegetables and their freeze dried block had effective DPPH radical scavenger activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at all tested concentrations. Nitrite scavenging activity of GC water extract significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner and the extract had higher nitrite scavenging activity than extracts freeze dried block extracts. We found that freeze dried block maintained antioxidant activities of the wild vegetables.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.248-252
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• 2002

Mugwort and pine needle were extracted with water and 70% ethanol. Electron donating ability(EDA) of extracts were ranged from 50% to 57% in mugwort water extract(MGW) and ranged from 51% to 64% in mugwort ethanol extract(MGE) at 300-1,000ppm. EDA of extracts were ranged from 52% to 60% in pine needle water extract(PNW) and ranged from 68% 71% in pine needle ethanol extract(PNE) at 100-500ppm. EDA of PNW was 70% and that of PNE was 77% at 1,00(ppm. Nitrite scavenging ability(NSA) of extracts measured at various pH(1.2, 3.0, 4.2, 6.0) was the highest in all extracts at pH 1.2 and decreased with increasing pH, suggesting it is pH dependent. NSA of mugwort extracts at 1,000ppm, water extract was 37% and ethanol extract was 27% at pH 1.2. NSA of pine needle extracts at 1,000ppm, water extract was 65%and ethanol extract was 53% at pH 1.2. EDA and NSA of pine needle extracts were higher than mugwort in both of water and ethanol extract. EDA of ethanol extracts were higher than water extracts while NSA of water extracts were higher than ethanol extracts in both of mugwort and pine needle.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate antioxidant activities of Panax ginseng extracted with various solvents including n-hexane, chloroform, EtOAC, n-butanol and water. Among the various ginseng extracts, ethyl acetate (EtOAC) extracts showed the most powerful scavenging activities against DPPH radicals. Among the other solvent extracts, the butanol extract seemed relatively more effective in scavenging activity, followed by chloroform, water and hexane extracts. Moreover, the highest reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity were found in the EtOAC extract followed by other extracts of ginseng. EtOAC extracts, which exhibited the best antioxidant activities of all solvent extracts of ginseng, possessed higher concentrations of total phenolics (777.61 mg/100 g) than other extracts. These results suggest that EtOAC extracts of ginseng (P. ginseng C.A. Meyer) have the most effective antioxidant capacity compared to n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water tested in this study, and has important applications for the pharmaceutical and food industries.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1980

In order to establish effective extracting method of ginseng extracts from fresh ginseng, the yield, chemical composition, physical properties and organoleptic quality of the extracts, which are extracted with various concentrations of ethanol, were investigated. The results are as follows : 1. The yield of the extracts was increased with decreasing the concentration of ethanol as solvent. As in case of water as a solvents, the highest yield was achieved when 23.64% of water was used. The yield were 12.3% and 9.05%, when 70% and 90% of ethanol were used, respectively lively. 2. Crude protein content is the highest level and nitrogen·free extracts content is the lowest at the concentration of 50% ethanol. Lipid was increased linerly while ash was decreased as increment of ethanol concentration. 3. Viscosity and residue of the extracts also decreased in accordance with the increament of ethanol concentration and the transmittance value and pH of extract solutions were almost similar except transmittance value of the water extracts. 4. The extracts extracted with 70% ethanol gave the best result of sensory test. The total sensory test score of each extracts (70%, 90%, 50%, 0% and 30%) were 70, 65, 50, 46 and 41, respectively.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.27-31
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• 2005

Objectives : The anticancer response of three different types of water extracts of Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. tested for sarcoma 180. Only few studies carried out to investigate the effects of other contents of Curcuma longa L. in anticancer activities, therefore, in this study we have investigated the effects of other component then curcumin in Curcuma longa L. for anticancer a activities. Methods : Three different types of water extracts of Curcuma longa L. were prepared as follows. The sarcoma cells (S180) were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and were seeded on 24-well cell culture cluster flat bottom with lid tissue culture treated non-pyrogenic polystyrene. The growth of sarcoma 180 was monitored for 1, 2 and 5 days. The sarcoma cells were pictured using inverted microscope and cell density was counted using hemocytometry. Results : After 5 days in the culture medium the results showed high growth of sarcoma 180 for control condition and the surface of CCP plates were fully covered with the cells. In case of medium in which the 10% of filtered water extract of Curcuma longa L. was added a very limited growth of sarcoma 180 was observed. The results were showed only small difference in cell density for two different concentrations of unfiltered water extracts of Curcuma longa L. whereasin case of filtered water extracts the control of sarcoma growth shows better result. Conclusion : The filtered water extracts showed the best result relatively to the unfiltered water extracts for two different concentrations. This indicates that the water extracts of Curcuma longa L. can have anticancer activities possibly without curcumin.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2011

This study examined the effect of gamma irradiation (3-20 kGy) on the immune activity and physicochemical properties of Myagropsis myagroides (MM) water extracts. MM powder and water extracts were subjected to gamma irradiation at 3, 7, and 20 kGy. The effects of gamma-irradiated MM water extracts on splenocyte proliferation and cytokine IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-2 secretion were evaluated. The gamma-irradiated MM water extracts resulted in decreased splenocyte proliferation without cytotoxicity. The IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-2 secretion increased by gamma-irradiated MM water extracts with increasing irradiation dose. For MM powder, the yield and total phenolic compounds (TPC) of water extracts were increased slightly after gamma irradiation. In MM water extracts, the TPC was higher at a dose of 20 kGy, while gamma irradiation decreased the viscosity, pH, and color of the MM extracts. In conclusion, gamma irradiation improved the immunomodulatory activity of MM water extracts, overcoming its potential weakness when applied in the food industry.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2017

The phenolic contents which were extracted with water and 70% ethanol from O. undulatifolius were 7.7, 10.1 mg/g, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of water and ethanol extracts were 78, 82% at $50{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics, respectively. The 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization activity were 92, 76% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics. Antioxidant protection factor in water and ethanol extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics were 1.51 and 2.08 PF, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance were 84% in water extracts and 99% in ethanol extracts at $50{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics, respectively. The inhibition activity on ${\alpha}-Glucosidase$ was 44% in ethanol extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics. The inhibition activity on ${\alpha}-amylase$ was 37-88% in water extracts at $50-200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics. The tyrosinase inhibition activity as whitening effect were 82% in ethanol extracts. The elastase inhibition activity were 4, 61% in water and ethanol extracts, respectively. The collagenase inhibition activity of antiwrinkle effect showed an excellent wrinkle improvement effect as 39% in water extracts and 67% in ethanol extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolics, respectively. The hyaluronidase inhibition activity as anti-inflammation effect of ethanol extracts was confirmed to 46% of inhibition at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic. The astringent effect of water and ethanol extracts was confirmed to 13, 32% of effect at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic, respectively.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 1998

The biological effects of the water extracts of Rhus Verniciflua Stokes (RVS) were evaluated by protection against hydroxyl radicals. Antioxidative activities were measured using both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and thiocyanate method. Also we used the Glucose oxidase (GO) 20 mU/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ hydroxyl radical generating system in mouse forebrain cell culture. Water was used for ex-traction from RVS as a solvent which has high polarity especially. In DPPH method, the antioxidative activities of the crude water extract were stronger than any other extracts of low polar-solvents. In the antioxidative effects of mouse forebrain culture using 20 mU/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ GO, cell viabilities were evaluated 65.6%, 68.8% at 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$. 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ addition of crude water extracts (30 mg/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$) respectively. 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ addition of crude water extracts had more than 86.1% cell viabilities, P<0.0l significantly, compared with the group treated with GO alone. In comparison with the antioxidative activities of several commercial antioxidants (ascorbic acid, $\alpha$-tocopherol, catalase, serum), 273 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ addition of crude water extracts (300 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$) showed equivalent antioxidative effect to 25 uM ascorbic acid.