• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2004

The most significant effect of excess water in wetlands is the isolation of the soil from the atmosphere and the prevention of O2 from diffusing into soil. The blockage of atmospheric O2 induces biological and chemical processes that change soil from oxidized into reduced state. When dry soil develop into hydric soil, redox potential is dropping. The redox potential is a indicator of hydric soil and affect chemical function of wetlands. To reveal characteristics of wetland soil, redox potential was measured in Jinkwannaedong ecological conservation area from May in 2003 to March in 2004. Redox potentials in May ranged from 5 mV at 25 cm depth to 200 mV at 10 cm depth. It decreased to about -200 m V at all depths and continued until October. In winter, redox potential was slowly increased; it was the highest at 5 cm depth and lowest at 20 cm depth. Annual variations of redox potential in 20 cm depth showed the same pattern at 5 sites; low in growing season and high in non-growing season. This results indicates that soils of study sites are in hydric state and methanogenesis is occurring in Jinkwannaedong ecological conservation area.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2020

Livestock facilities in Korea are on their way of enlargement resulting in increment of livestock manure. When the livestock manure treated inappropriate way during application to the agricultural area, environmental damage can be occurred such as bad smell, water and air pollution. Therefore it is important to make a good management plan for livestock manure treatment. In order to effectively apply organic fertilizer made by livestock manure in terms of quantity and quality, the current status of nutrient in agricultural land should be calculated quantitatively by scientific way. The OECD suggest member countries to calculate the nutrient balance as an agricultural environment indicator which represents the difference between nutrient inputs and outputs of the amount of nutrients in various ways. In this paper, we calculated the nutrient balances according to three cities which have different characteristics such as urban or rural areas. To reduce the nutrient balance, we considered how to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer by using organic fertilizer made by livestock manure. And public treatment facilities for livestock manure can be a good solution except civil complaints for location selection. Among the options, manure fertilizer application to the agricultural area for cultivation of forage crops was mainly considered to reduce the nutrient balance by decreasing input of chemical fertilizers and increasing output of crop production. Using the field monitoring data, it can be calculated that the daily nitrogen reductions by 116.5 kg/ha and the daily phosphorus increments by 2.7 kg/ha.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.17 s.17
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• pp.39-56
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• 2005

The Gwangtonggyo(bridge) on the Cheonggyecheon(river) is mainly composed of biotite granite with coarse grain. The rock consists mainly of quartz, plagioclase, microcline, orthoclase and biotite with lesser amount of muscovite, sericite and chlorite. Muscovite and sericite may be formed from feldspars and chlorite from biotite by alteration(including weathering). These rocks are relatively deteriorated by weathering, polluted water running the river and heavy traffic. The main phenomena of damages are surface exfoliation, grain separation, deceleration, pollution of organic and heavy chemical elements, cracks and breakage. These phenomena have been analyzed by polarized microscope, XRD and SEM/EDX. The analyzed results show organic pollution and secondarily formed gypsum and apatite on the rock surface and micro-pores. NaCl and $CaCO_3$ as rock salt and calcite probably may be formed secondarily in some points. Also heavy chemical elements such as Cr, Pb, Pd, W, La, Zn and Nd are polluted in some samples. The contacts between rocks are generally breakdown in small scale or cracks are developed due to mainly load and vibration shock of heavy traffic.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.200-204
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• 1998

Physical and chemical properties of artificial soil produced by firing process were analyzed and compared with normal dry field soil and soil quality standards. Material used for production was water and wastewater treatment sludge, chabizite, and lime. The mixed material was thermally treated in the firing kiln at about $300^{\circ}C$ and $1,000^{\circ}C$, respectively, as per designed process. General properties of the artificial soil were classified as sand by unified soil classification method and similar to the dry-field soil, and even soil conditioning effect were expected when it is mixed properly with normal soil. The artificial soil is high in pH and permeability compared to the dry-field soil. Heavy metal concentrations of the artificial soil met the soil quality standards for the farmland. Overall, the artificial soil was thought to be an appropriate soil which can be returned safely to the nature without significant adverse effect. The cost for the artificial soil production process needs to be lowered for practical application as a sludge treatment, therefore, commercializing of the artificial soil is under review.

• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.1-3
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• 2000

A kind of traditional herbal prescription, Sip-Jeon-Dae-Bo-Tang (TJ-48), has been reported to improve the general condition of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and /or radiation therapy, and to accelerate hematopoietic recovery from bone marrow injury by mitomycin C. In the present studies, we found that hot-water extract from Atractylodes lancea DC. rhizomes contributed mainly to intestinal immune modulating activity of TJ-48 on Peyer's patch cells mediated-hematopoietic response. After the fractionation, ALR-5 II a-1-1, 5 II b-2-2 and 5 II c-3-1 were further purified from crude polysaccharide fraction. Chemical analyses of each fraction indicated that ALR-5 II a-1-1 mainly contained arabinogalactan fraction whereas ALR-5 II b-2-2 and 5 II c-3-1 mostly comprised pectic polysaccharide fractions as the active polysaccharide ingredients. In order to analyze the essential structure of the activity, ALR-5 II a-1-1 was treated by sequential enzymatic digestion using exo-${\alpha}$-L-arabinofuranosidase and exo-${\beta}$-D-(1\longrightarrow3)-galactanase. Based upon the results of chemical and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses and activity on the digested fractions, the galactosyl side chains consisting of 6-linked Galf and Galp over tetrasaccharide in ALR-5 II a-1-1 might be responsible for the potent intestinal immune modulating activity. To characterize moiety of ALR-5 II c-3-1 for the expression of activity, endo-${\alpha}$-D-(1\longrightarrow4)-polygal acturonase (GL-PGase) purified from dried leaves of Panax ginseng digested ALR-5 II c-3-1. The results of structural analyses and activity on the digested fractions showed that PG-2, which structurally resembles to rhamnogalacturonan II (RG II), and PG-3 (galacturono-oligosaccharides) contained potent intestinal immune modulating activity. Further purification of the other acidic fraction (ALR-5 II b-2-2) indicated that ALR-5 II b-2-2Bb showed that the most potent activity. ALR-5 II b-2-2Bb also contained the unusual component sugars characteristics in RG- II as well as PG-2 derived from ALR-5 II c-3-1, but it could not be digested with GL-PGase. The present studies of relationship between structures and intestinal immune modulating activity of the active polysaccharides purified from A. lancea DC. rhizomes suggested that neutral galactosyl chains consisting mainly of (1\longrightarrow6)-linked Galf and Galp, and RG- II -like moiety with unique component sugars, such as 2-Me-Xyl, 2-Me-Fuc, Api, AceA, Kdo and Dha should play an important role in the potent intestinal immune modulating action of A. lancea DC. rhizomes.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.675-687
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• 2005

In this study, the cyclone/denuder/filter pack sampling system was used to measure the daily concentrations of water soluble inorganic compounds of fine ($D_{p}< 2.5\;{\mu}m$) and coarse ($D_{p}<10{\mu}m$m) size fractions of aerosol and related gases at Gosan super site during ABC-EAREX 2005. The mean concentrations for $HNO_{3},\;HNO_{2},\;NH_{3}$, were 0.39, 0.08, and $0.29\;{\mu}g/m^3$. respectively. Average concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in $PM_{2.5}$ were 3.39, 1.06, and $1.04\;{\mu}g/m^3$, which occupied about $26\%$ of total $PM_{2.5}$ mass. In particular, more than half of these ionic species were found in size of less than $2.5\;{\mu}m$. Gas phase nitric acid concentrations have shown high correlation coefficient with $HNO_{2}$(R=0.80) and $O_{3}$(R=0.78), implying the active photochemical reactions from its precursors. Equivalent molar ratios between major ion components, $NH_{4}\;^{+}/nss\;SO_4\;^{2-},(0.83\;for\;PM_{2.5},\;0.86\;for\;PM_{10})$, revealed that the existing forms of the secondary aerosols were probably $(NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}\;and\;(NH_{4})_{3}H\;(SO_{4})_{2}$. Especially, $(NH_{4}\;^{+}+K^{+}+Ca^{2+}+Mg^{2+})/(NO_{3}\;^{-}+nss\;SO_{4}\;^{2-}) (0.99\;for\;PM_{2.5},\;1.05\;for\;PM_{10})$ indicated that some of them existed not only as $NH_{4}NO_{3}$ but also as $CaSO_{4}\;or\;KNO_{3}$, which pointed out the probability of influences from the abundant soil components during Asian dust (AD) periods. These neutralized types of secondary aerosols showed that pollutants could be aged and transported from a distance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 1998

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation and addition of cell wall degrading enzymes on the fermentation characteristics and chemical compositions of Italian ryegrass silage. An inoculant LAB with or without a cell wall degrading enzyme of Acremoniumcellulase (A), or Meicellulase (M) or a mixture of both (AM), was applied to 1 kg of fresh Italian ryegrass sample. The treatments were control untreated, LAB-treated (application rate $10^5$ cfu/g fresh sample), LAB+A 0.005%, LAB + A 0.01%, LAB+A 0.02%, LAB + M 0.005%, LAB + M 0.01%, LAB + M 0.02%, LAB+AM 0.005%, LAB + AM 0.01% and LAB+AM 0.02%. The sample was ensiled into 2-L vinyl bottle silo, with 9 silages of each treatment were made (a total of 99 silages). Three silages of each treatment were incubated at 20, 30 and $40{^{\circ}C}$ for an approximately 2-months storage period. All silages were well preserved as evidenced by their low pH values (3.79-4.20) and high lactic acid concentrations (7.71-11.34% DM). The fermentation quality and chemical composition of the control untreated and the LAB-treated silages were similar, except that for volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content was lower (p < 0.05) in the LAB-treated silages. LAB + cellulase treatments improved the fermentation quality of silages by decreasing (p < 0.01) pH values and increasing (p<0.01) lactic acid concentrations, in all of cellulase types and incubation temperatures. Increasing amount of cellulase addition resulted in further decrease (p < 0.01) of pH value and increases (p < 0.01) of lactic acid and residual water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations. LAB + cellulase treatments reduced (p<0.01) NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose contents of silages compared with both the control untreated and LAB-treated silages. LAB + cellulase treatments did not affect the silage digestibility due to fact of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was similar in all silages. The silages treated with cellulase A resulted in a better fermentation quality and a higher rate of cell wall reduction losses than those of the silages treated with cellulases M and AM. Incubation temperature of $30{^{\circ}C}$ seemed to be more suitable for the fermentation of Italian ryegrass silages than those of 20 and $40{^{\circ}C}$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.626-633
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• 2006

Bucheon city has been rapidly urbanized and steadily enlarged. Also, the city depends on groundwater as an alternative water resource. The objective of this study is to characterize the hydrogeology in this city including the recharge of groundwater and hydraulic property of an aquifer in order to investigate the chemical characteristics and contamination of groundwater in the Bucheon area. Eleven groundwater wells in the Bucheon area were selected for applying certain hydraulic tests, such as pumping and recovery tests. Theis method and Theis recovery method were used to obtain hydraulic parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity by applying recovery tests. The playground of school and uncovered areas layed a major function of recharging areas. The groundwater well in these areas showed high recharge, transmissivity, and hydraulic conductivity. In a downtown area, groundwaier wells showed low pumping capacity and hydraulic parameters. Groundwater samples were collected from 48 different locations in the Bucheon area and that showed very various chemical composition in groundwater Their electrical conductivity showed various ranges from 70.4 to $1,287{\mu}S/cm$. The composition more significantly affected the groundwater due to the land use and urbanization than that of the aquifer rock type.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1108-1113
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• 2005

Advanced oxidation process involving $O_3/H_2O_2$ was used to eliminate 1,4-dioxane and to enhance the biodegradability of dioxane-contaminated water. Oxidation process was carried out in a bubble column reactor under different pH and $H_2O_2$ concentrations. The removal efficiencies of 1,4-dioxane were investigated at hydrogen peroxide concentration between 40 and 120 mg/L. At the same pH, removal efficiencies of 1,4-dioxane increased with increasing initial $H_2O_2$ concentration. There was a linear relationship between initial concentration of $H_2O_2$ and the amount of consumed $O_3$. It was observed that the high $H_2O_2$ concentration accelerated the generation of hydroperoxy ions(${HO_2}^-$) and hydroxyl radicals($OH{\cdot}$). Hydrogen peroxide enhanced the decomposition of 1,4-dioxane and the biodegradability of the solution.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.663-666
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• 2015

In this research, botanical extracts containing green tea, Saururus chinensis and Prunus padus were tested to see possibility as shampoo. Leaves of Green tea and Saururus chinensis were extracted with hot water. Prunus padus bark extract was applied reverse osmosis and ultrasonic extraction. When interfacial tension was measured among shampoo including botanical extracts, Sodium dodecylsulfate(SDS) and Quillaja Bark Saponin(QBS), that of shampoo was lower than that of SDS and QBS at lower concentration, however, it showed similar interfacial tension at 100% concentration. Shampoo showed moderate antimicrobial activity in Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Botanical extract did not indicate cell toxicity up to $350{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in MTT assay. Shampoo containing botanical extract was stable for 3 months, however, it showed considerable variation in pH and viscosity. In conclusion, shampoo containing botanical extract shows strong possibility for natural shampoo if the formulation is modified.