• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.471-477
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• 2006

We investigated the relationship between the $TiO_2$ photocatalytic decomposition of bisphenol A in water and biological toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio) during $1\sim28$ weeks post development stage. The bisphenol A in water was completely degraded by the $TiO_2$ photocatalysis in 50 hours. After the photocatalysis, no toxic effects on the morphogenesis of the zebrafish were observed during the development, growth, and maturate stages. Catalase activity of control group was not different from $1\sim5$ week post fertilized group. However, toxic effect on the catalase activity of adult stage(28 weeks) decreased 50% than control group.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities of clove extracts in water, methanol and ether. The clove extracts, BHA and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol were added to each oil at a level of 200 ppm. The activities of the substrate oils and controls were tested under autoxidation and thermal oxidation conditions. The degree of the effects of the antioxidant activities under autoxidation condition were in the following order; ether extract 〉 methanol extract 〉BHA 〉 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol 〉 water extract = control group. The induction periods of the control, water, methanol and ether extracts, and BHA and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol were 9.5, 9.6, 10.7 11.8, 10.4 and 9.7 days, respectively. Under thermal oxidation condition, the methanol extract showed stronger antioxidant activity than those of the water and ether extracts. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract was attributed to ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and BHA.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.41-47
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• 2003

To investigate the effects of hot water soluble extract from Angelicae Gigantis Radix on lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system in rats fed hypercholesterol diet, Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed either hypercholesterol diet with water or hot water soluble extract from Angelicae Gigantis Radix. Hypercholesterol diet contained 18 % beeftallow and 5 % cholesterol. After 4 weeks of experimental periods serum and liver obtained. The level of serum lipid and the activities of GOT and GPT was measured. The level of lipid and TBARS and the activity of GSH-Px was measured also. The results obtained were: 1) Food intake in the experimental group supplied hot water soluble extract from Angelicae Gigantis Radix was low significantly. 2) In the experimental group supplied hot water soluble extract from Angelicae Gigantis Radix of serum total lipid and total cholesterol was significantly low. 3) Serum GOT activity was significantly low in the experimental group supplied hotwater soluble extract from Angelicae Gigantis Radix. There was no difference of serum GPT activity between control and experimental group supplied hot water soluble extract from angelical Gigantis Radix. 4) There was no difference of lipid composition, TBARS level and GSH-px activity in liver between control and experimental group. The result of this study indicates that the hot water soluble extract from Angelicae Gigantis Radix was effective in decreasing the food intake of the experimental animals in the hypercholesterol diet and also effective in decreasing the levels of serum total lipid, total cholesterol and GOT activity. However it was not effective to change the level of lipid, TBARS and GSH-Px activity of liver.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1986

This experiment was carried out to develop long-term preservable meat products by controlling a water activity which has a potential inhibitory effects on the growth of microorganism and germination of spore. For this purpose the accuracy of instrument for the measurement of water activity, electric hygrometer was used for this study as well as water activity of final products were investigated according to the various amounts of different kinds of additives. Spore of Bacillus spp, Clostridium sporogenes and Cl. botulinum were inoculated to the meat products with different aw and their growth states in $25^{\circ}C$ were observed to find out the lowest aw which inhibit their growth (aw 0.950).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.191-196
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• 1998

This mini review describes the effects of water activity (${\alpha}_w$) on the kinetics, regio- and enantioselectivities of lipases, and various methods for measuring and controlling ${\alpha}_w$ in lipase catalyzed reaction in organic solvent.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.170-180
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of oven-dried ($60^{\circ}C$) tomato powder (TP) as affected by water solubility and to evaluate the effects of TP on the physico-chemical properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of emulsified pork sausages with two levels of TP (1% and 2 %). After fresh tomatoes were homogenized and dried at $60^{\circ}C$ oven, they were extracted by stirring with water. Then, the aqueous solution was filtered, and water soluble and insoluble tomato powders were obtained with freeze drying. In experiment I, total phenolic contents in oven-dried tomato powder, water soluble and insoluble powder were more than 2 g/100 g. The radical scavenging activity and iron-chelation ability of the water-insoluble extracts were higher than those of dried TP and water-soluble extracts. In experiment II, pH values and Hunter L values of pork sausages formulated with TP were reduced. However, hunter a and b values were higher than those of the control, and those effects were increased with increased levels of TP. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of pork sausages containing TP were lower than that of the control during refrigerated storage, regardless of the TP level. These results indicated that TP could be used as a natural color agent and antioxidant in meat products without defects.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5207-5212
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• 2013

Background: Physical activity has been found to play a role in cancer prevention. The purpose of this matched case-control study was to investigate the association between physical activity levels, water intake, constipation and colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and Methods: Two hundred and thirty-two patients diagnosed with CRC (125 male, 107 female) were enrolled in this case-control study. Cases were matched to 271 population controls (137 male, 134 female). Results: Drinking more than 4 cups of water daily decreased the risk of CRC by 33-42%; however, this effect was non-significant. Having constipation was found to be a significant risk factor for developing CRC with an OR=6.284 (95%CI=2.741-14.40). With reference to sedentary behavior, minimum activity (600-3000 Metabolic Equivalents Task (MET)) had 43% protection against CRC and the level of Health Enhancing Physical Activity OR was 0.58 (at 95%CI; 0.37-0.92). A significant negative association was found between CRC and physical activity levels expressed as both METs and MET-hours/week (p for trend=0.017 and 0.03, respectively). Among females, a significant trend of reduction in CRC by 62% was observed with increasing the level of physical activity expressed in MET (p for trend=0.04). Conclusions: The risk of CRC may be reduced by adopting a healthy lifestyle and practicing physically activity regularly, especially among females. Consuming adequate amounts of water and healthy bowel motility could also reduce the risk of CRC.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 1998

Lipase-catalyzed esterification of n-butyl oleate was carried out in n-hexane as a model reaction. The optimal activity of Candida rugosa lipase was shown in a water activity ($a_w$) range of 0.52 to 0.65 at $30^{\circ}C$. The water produced from the esterification was removed by a tubular type pervaporation system. The rate of ester formed from the enzymatic esterification was allowed to be the same as the rate of water removal by maintaining an optimal $a_w$ of the reaction system using an on-off dewatering control device. The reaction rate and yield with a$a_w$ control were increased two folds higher than the respective values for the uncontrolled reaction.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1999

The degree of pesticides accumulation in tap water in Taejon from June 1995 to Apr 1996 was measured by Ellman's coupled enzyme assay. Since organic phosphate and carbamate pesticides specifically inhibit the neurotransmitter modulating enzyme acetylcholinesterase(AChE), the enzyme activity can be used as a diagnosis for the pesticides accumulation in water and various samples. During the period of this study, the enzyme activity was changed almost every week. The lowest enzyme activity was 64 % of that of the control reaction and there are several days showing about 100 % enzyme activity. In general, the enzyme activity is higher in summer than other seasons especially early spring times. The pH value of tap water was very close to neutral(pH 7.0) and it seems that the enzyme activity was not affected by the small pH changes. Either boiling of tap water or addition of NaOH solution decomposed the pesticide components. These results show that AChE assay is a convenient, sensitive, and reliable method for detection of pesticides in water samples.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.82-86
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• 2000

To evaluate anti-influenza virus activity of 113 specimens of Korean traditional medicine both water and methanol extracts were examined using haemagglutination inhibition test. The water extract from Citrus junos was found to inhibit influenza virus A/Taiwan/l/86(H1N1). The survival rates of virus were determined by in situ cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The water extract of Citrus junos was fractionated by chromatographic separating using Amberlite XAD-4, 40% MeOH and 60% MeOH layer had antiviral activity. The half inhibition concentration $(IC_{50})$ of 40% MeOH layer on survival of influenza virus was $MIC>361.5{\mu}g/ml$ and $IC_{50}$ value of fr. 40-4 fractionated from 40% MeOH layer was $677.19{\mu}g/ml$. These results suggested that the fractions of Citus junos have potent anti-influenza A virus activity.