• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.846-853
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• 2024

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), which provides plant-based proteins and functional substances, requires a long soaking time during processing, which limits its usefulness to industries and consumers. To improve this, ultrasonic treatment using high pressure and shear force was judged to be an appropriate pretreatment method. This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions of ultrasound treatment for the improved hydration of adzuki beans using the response surface methodology (RSM). Independent variables chosen to regulate the hydration process of the adzuki beans were the soaking time (2-14 h, X₁), treatment intensity (150-750 W, X₂), and treatment time (1-10 min, X₃). Dependent variables chosen to assess the differences in the beans post-immersion were moisture content, water activity, and hardness. The optimal conditions for treatment deduced through RSM were a soaking time of 12.9 h, treatment intensity of 600 W, and treatment time of 8.65 min. In this optimal condition, the values predicted for the dependent variables were a moisture content of 58.32%, water activity of 0.9979 a_w, and hardness of 14.63 N. Upon experimentation, the results obtained were a moisture content of 58.28 ± 0.56%, water activity of 0.9885 ± 0.0040 a_w, and hardness of 13.01 ± 2.82 g, confirming results similar to the predicted values. Proper ultrasound treatment caused cracks in the hilum, which greatly affects the water absorption of adzuki beans, accelerating the rate of hydration. These results are expected to help determine economically efficient processing conditions for specific purposes, in addition to solving industrial problems associated with the low hydration rate of adzuki beans.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2008

In this study we investigated the biological activities of Crataegi Fructus, including antioxidative, fibrinolytic, $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory, and thrombin inhibitory activities. Crataegi Fructus, hot water extract was fractionated into hexane, $CHCLl_3$, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fractions, and each of these was assayed individually. The water fraction showed the highest extraction yield at 4.08% (w/w). The antioxidative activities of the water, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions were 31.07%, 45.87%, 50.28%, and 91.74%, respectively. Assays for fibrinolytic activity indicated that only the butanol fraction has significant efficacy at 1.93 plasmin units/ml. Thrombin inhibitory assays indicated that the 10-fold dilutions of the $CHCLl_3$, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions had inhibitory activities of 34.97%, 41.43%, and 58.10%, respectively. The 10-fold dilutions of the only ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 75.07%. From the above results, we propose that extracts of Crataegi Fructus can be used as a material for the development of biofunctional foods.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1076-1081
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• 1998

The purpose of this research was to isolate an active component on immunoytes from 70% MeOH extract of Codonopsis lanceolatae Radix(CLE). CLE was fractionated successively with hexane, methylene chloride, n-butyl alcohol and water, and then the water fraction was separated with molecularporous membrane tubing(m.w. 3,500). Each fraction(50mg/kg) was administered p.o. once a day for 7 days in BALB/c mice respectively. None of these fractions affected the apoptosis and mitochondrial transmembrane potential in thymocyte. Hexane and methylene chloride fractions decreased CD4$^{[-10]}$ CD8$^{+}$ single-positive cells, and the water fraction enhanced CD4$^{+}$ CD8$^{[-10]}$ single-positive cells in thymocyte. The proliferation of thymocytes was decreased by the fraction hexane, but was enhanced by the water fraction. Hexane, methylene chloride and butyl alcohol fractions suppressed the production of nitric oxide, which was not affected by the water fraction. Hexane and butyl alcohol fraction suppressed the phagocytic activity, but water fraction enhanced it. The components(m.w. 3,500 above) separated from the water fraction enhanced the proliferation of thymocyte, the population of CD4$^{+}$ CDB$^{[-10]}$ single-positive cells, and phagocytic activity in macrophage. These results suggest that the stimulative components of proliferation, TH population and phagorytc activity is in the water fraction, and the molecular weight is 3,500 above. (Korean J Nutrition 31(6) : 1076~1081, 1998) 1998)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the hepatic detoxification effect of microcluster-water (McW). Animal experiments were divided into 4 groups: distilled water intake group (DC), distilled water intake-bromobenzene treated group (DB), McW intake group (MC), and McW intake-bromobenzene treated group (MB). There were no significant differences in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities between DC and MC groups, but the activities in MB group were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in DB group. No apparent changes of aniline hydrolase activity were shown in all experimental groups, while glutathione S-transferase activity in MC and MB groups was higher than that in DC and DB, respectively. The content of hepatic lipid peroxide in DC group was similar to that of MC group. In addition, the contents in DB and MB groups were significantly (p<0.05) increased than that of DC group. The increasing rate in MB group was lower than that of DB group. Also, the electron donating activity of McW was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of distilled water. From these results, it could be suggested that McW has the possibility of having detoxification effect of bromobenzene induced hepatic injury by increasing glutathione S-transferase, which is known as a kind of hepatiic detoxification enzyme.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2000

The Ulmi corex extract was prepared using various solvents to investigate the availability as a natural antioxidant. The extracts were added to lard emulsion and the antioxidant activities were compared. The extract that had a greater antioxidant activity was fractionized. Then the antioxidant activity and substrate specificity of the fraction were examined and optimum concentration of addition was determined. To observe the antioxidative effect of the fraction in vivo, an inhibition rate of lipid peroxidation from which might be derived was measured using a microsome in rat's liver. Among the extracts of Ulmi cortex, the extract from water had the best antioxidant activity, and the addition of 0.05% (w/w) of ethyl acetate fraction showed similar antioxidant activity to a synthetic antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA). Ethyl acetate fraction (0.05%, w/w) also presented the antioxidative effect in lard, soybean oil, palm oil, and com oil. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation in liver microsome showed feater in the ethyl acetate fraction than caffeic acid in both nonenzymatic peroxidation (Fe$\^$++/ascorbate system) and enzymatic peroxidation (Fe$\^$++/-ADP/NaDPH system).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2003

Quality stability of the dried layer Porphyra tenera depending on various light sources, water activities, packaging materials and storage temperatures were investigated by peroxide value and chlorophyll degradation. Major fatty acids of dried layer were 45.7％ eicosapentaenoic acid and 13.6% palmitic acid. Quality stability was increased in order of darkness, incandescent and fluorescent increased sharply with the decrease of water activity and temperature, and also improved by the packaging material with strong barriers of water vapor, oxygen and light.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.503-509
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• 2001

The effects of salting methods on textural properties of Kakdugi were evaluated during fermentation at 1$0^{\circ}C$ for up to 52 days. Kakdugi samples were prepared by 4 different salting methods at final salt concentration of 1.5%, which is appropriate for organoleptic quality. The salting methods for radish cubes(2 cm size) of Kakdugi were as follows; 1) Treatment S-1: spraying dry salt uniformly on to the radish cubes at 1.5%(w/w) and holding for 1 hr, 2) Treatment S-5: spraying dry salt uniformly on to the radish cubes at 1.2%(w/w) and holding for 5 hr, 3) Treatment B-1: brining radish cubes in a 8.5%(w/v) salt solution for 1 hr, 4) Treatment B-5: brining radish cubes in a 4.0%(w/v) salt solution for 5 hr. The contents of water soluble pectin, total soluble solid and PG activity were increased as the fermentation periods increased. A majority of total dietary fiber(TDF) consisted of soluble dietary fiber(SDF), and the amount of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) was relatively small in Kakdugi during fermentation. Furthermore, an increase in SDF and a consequent decrease in IDF contents were observed with the fermentation time increased.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 1982

In the previous study, we have reported the effect of lowering water activity of sodium chloride, sugars and polyols. In this study, water activity($a_w$)of various model Preparations of Kamaboko was measured and ability of lowering $a_w$ of starch, glycine and sodium lactate was discussed. In addition, the aw measurements were also compared to the predicted values of au which were derived from the equation of Raoult's law and the linear slope method by Sloan ana Labuza. The effect of starch on lowering $a_w$ was very low, and glycine was more effective than starch. Sodium lactate was shown to be the most effective among humectants examined. When it was added by $7.5\%$, the $a_w$ of model Kamaboko A was reduced to 0.93-0.94. Generally, prediction by the equation of Raoult's law turned out to be useful for determining $a_w$ lowering effect of humectants, excepting sodium chloride and sodium lactate. The equation of regression derived from the least squares could be applied to Predicting au in the model Kamaboko.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2017

To obtain the immunomodulating polysaccharide from chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus sclerotia, IO), crude polysac- charide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP, respectively) prepared from hot-water extract (IO-W) of I. obliquus by EtOH precipitation after MeOH reflux or not. After IO-W was re-dissolved in water followed by EtOH addition in the case without MeOH reflux, EtOH mixture was fractionated into EtOH-soluble (IO-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-CP). In the meanwhile, MeOH-soluble fraction (IO-M) was separated from IO-W after MeOH reflux. The residue was dissolved in water and was added by EtOH, and then EtOH mixture was also fractionation into EtOH-soluble (IO-M-E) and crude polysaccharide (IO-M-CP). As a result of the macrophage stimulating activity of these fractions, IO-CP and IO-M-CP showed significantly increased cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W. Particularly, IO-M-CP promotes the production of IL-12 more than IO-CP. In the splenocytes proliferating activity and intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer's patch, both of 2 crude polysaccharide fractions were significantly promoted in cell proliferation and cytokines production than IO-W, and IO-M-CP was more potent than IO-CP in IL-2 production from splenocytes and GM-CSF production ($10{\mu}g/mL$) in Peyer's patch cells. In addition, immunomodulating polysaccharide fractions (IO-M-CP and IO-CP) prepared from IO-W by EtOH precipitation with or without EtOH reflux showed no significant difference in the chemical composition and component sugar. These results suggested that MeOH reflux might exclude low-molecular weight materials from IO-W and consequently increase the immunomodulating activity of IO-M-CP. Therefore, it was confirmed that immunomodulation of polysaccharide prepared from hot-water extract of chaga mushroom was enhanced by fractionation including MeOH reflux and EtOH precipitation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2018

Paeonia japonica is a perennial flowering plant used in traditional medicine therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of water extract and solvent fractions obtained from P. japonica on anti-oxidative, anti-thrombin, anti-invasive and pro-apoptotic activities in YD-10B cells, human oral squamous carcinoma cell line. Water fraction revealed the highest extraction yield at 11.44% (w/w). Anti-oxidative activity was the highest in ethyl acetate fraction (85.13%). In the thrombin inhibitory activity test, ethyl fraction was the highest, with a value of 87.54%. Release and activation of MMP-2/pro-MMP-2 ratio in thrombin-treated YD-10B cells were significantly inhibited in the ethyl acetate fraction. At a concentration of $120{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ water extract and solvent fractions of P. japonica inhibited cell proliferation in YD-10B cells except water fraction. Pro-apoptotic effect on human oral squamous carcinoma cell using the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio analysis was higher in water extract than other fractions. These findings suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of P. japonica potentiates a promising antioxidant, anti-thrombin and anti-invasive agents.