• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.691-697
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• 2011

In this study, by using the Water footprint technique, the water consumption by washing machines, which holds higher ranks in using water than any other electric appliances, was analyzed during their life cycle. The life cycle is defined as raw materials production step, manufacturing step, and using step. In raw materials production step, Input materials were researched by using LCI DB(Life Cycle Inventory Database) and the water consumption was calculated with consideration of approximately 65% Input materials which were based weight. In manufacturing step, the water consumption was calculated by the amount of energy used in assembly factories and components subcontractors and emission factor of energy. In using step, referring to guidelines on carbon footprint labeling, the life cycle is applied as 5 years for a washing machine and 218 cycles for annual bounds of usage. The water and power consumption for operating was calculated by referring to posted materials on the manufacture's websites. The water consumption by nation unit was calculated with the result of water consumption by a unit of washing machine. As a result, it shows that water consumption per life cycle s 110,105 kg/unit. The water consumption of each step is 90,495 kg/unit for using, 18,603 kg for raw materials production and 1,006 kg/unit for manufacturing, which apparently shows that the using step consume the most water resource. The water consumption by nation unit is 371,269,584tons in total based on 2006, 83,385,649 tons in both steps of raw material production and manufacturing, and 287,883,935 tons in using step.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.252-256
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• 2005

저장 중 포장 참외의 품질 유지를 위하여 포장과 세척방법을 달리하면서 참외에 대한 품질 평가를 실시한 결과, 저장기간의 경과에 따라 중량 및 경도는 감소하였으며 저장 12일 후부터는 오존수를 이용하여 세척한 처리구를 제외한 모든 구에서 심한 부패 및 손상이 발견되었다. 또한 관능평가 결과, 오존수 세척구에서 색, 외관, 맛, 조직감 모두 가장 높은 점수를 얻었으며 저장 후기에도 반점이 거의 생성되지 않고 부패정도가 가장 미비하여 외관에 대한 우수한 관능적 평가를 얻었다. 따라서 오존수 세척 후 통기성 있도록 박스포장을 하는 것이 참외의 유통 중 품질 유지에 효과적이라고 사료된다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.87-91
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• 2008

It is commonly known that water repellency of the fabric treated with fluorocarbon resin brings about a decrease by the washing and recovers by the subsequent heat treatment. In this article, effect of the water repellency was investigated on the nylon 6, triacetate and silk fabrics treated with hydrocarbon and silicon resins. Hydrocarbon and silicon resins have been widely used in the textile finishing as the softening and water proofing agents. The fabrics were treated with hydrocarbon resins, Paragium JQ and RC (Ohara Paragium Chemical Co.) and a silicon resin, Poron MR (Shinetsu Chemical Co.), and then washed and subsequently heat treated. Although the water repellency increased by the resin treatment, it decreased by the washing apparently and recovered a little by the heat treatment. The effect of the heat treatment was small comparing with that of the fluorocarbon resin. Furthermore, as a mechanical property of the treated fabric, KES shearing and bending hysteresis parameters, modulus and hysteresis width of the hydrocarbon resin-treated nylon 6, triacetate and silk fabrics decreased by the heat treatment after washing. Therefore, the treatment is effective at improving the softening of the fabric in water repellent finish.

• 분석과학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.332-337
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 페놀레진으로 부터 유도된 탄소질 수분 흡착제의 질소흡착, 표면 특성 및 수분 흡착량을 통하에 물리화학적인 특성을 제시하였다. 탄소질 수분 흡착제의 질소흡착에 관한 연구로부터 각각의 시료에 대하여 Type II의 흡착등온곡선을 얻었다. 이들 시료에 대한 흡착량은 물을 사용하여 세척한 후에 감소함을 나타내었다. BET식을 사용하여 계산된 $S_{BET}$값은 수세 전에 $648.7m^2/g$를 나타내었고, 수세 후에 $189.3m^2/g$를 나타내었다. SEM 모폴로지의 결과로부터 탄소질 수분 흡착제의 표면구조는 수세 전에 침상구조의 성상을 보였고, 수세 후에는 구형입자의 성상을 관찰 할 수 있었다. 최종적으로 수분흡착 효과를 측정한 결과, 수분 흡착량은 25-63%의 흡착량을 나타내었다. 또한 이들의 효과는 낮은 상대습도에서도 좋은 특성을 보였다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2002

씻어나온 쌀(무세미) 생산공정 중 발생하는 쌀뜨물 중 함유된 유효성분, 특히 단백질 회수를 위한 분리막 공정에 관하여 검토하였다. 먼저 dead-end형 Amicon 여과셀을 이용하여 단백질 농축에 적절한 분리막을 선정하였으며 이를 토대로 중공사형 한외여과 모듈 또는 가정용 정수기에 사용되는 나권형 나노여과 및 역삼투 모듈을 이용한 투과실험을 행하였다. 그 결과, 분획분자량이 10,000 dalton인 한외여과막은 쌀뜨물내 유효성분 내지는 단백q질을 농축하기에 적절하지 않았다. 그러나 역삼투 또는 나노여과 모듈에 9% 가량의 단백질이 함유된 원료용액을 250%까지 농축할 경우, 역삼투 모듈 농축액중에 단백질의 농도는 22%로서 약 2.4배가 농축되었으며 나노여과 모듈의 경우는 약 2배까지 단백질을 농축할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.95-107
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• 2010

Hand-washing is one of the major factors in personal hygiene and public health. This study was undertaken to investigate the hygienic behavior of food-service employees, focusing on awareness of hand washing, hand washing practices, and the load of index microorganisms (aerobic plate count, total and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) on the hands of food-service employees. A questionnaire survey completed by direct interview, direct observation of restrooms by the researcher and trained observers, and microbiological examination according to the Food Code of Korea were carried out. In the survey, a positive attitude toward hand washing compliance was reported; however, improper hand washing and poor hand hygiene of the food-service employees were seen under direct observation. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the questionnaire survey and the direct observations in hand washing compliance after using the toilet, duration of hand washing, use of hand washing agents, use of hand washing tools, washing of different parts of the hands, hand-drying method, temperature of water, and method of turning off the water. Samples taken from employees' hands before washing showed higher levels of bacteria than those taken during work and/or after washing (p<0.05). Poor hand washing practices were indicated by the positive results for total and fecal coliforms, E. coli, and S. aureus on the hands of some food-service employees. This study showed that there is a marked difference between the food-service employees' awareness of hand-washing and their actual hand-washing practices. The poor hand hygiene of and improper hand washing by the food-service employees should be addressed for improved food safety.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.33-45
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• 2000

The handle were observed by objective and subjective method as the washing was repeated for 4 kinds(sample A, B, C, D) of materials which have different water vapor transmission, and the change of water vapor transmission each others. The results of factor analyses for 18 polar adjective words on subjective handle test yielded 4 factors, that were 'elastic property', 'surface property', 'thickness and weight property' and 'thermal and rigid property'. The surface properties were deteriorated remarkably as washing was repeated and significant difference were observed. Compared with the primary hand value for each materials, the statistical difference of samples was shown at Koshi and Fukurami measured by the KES-FB system. Koshi decreased for all the materials after repeated washing, and Fukurami had a tendency to increase for all the materials in proportion to repeated washing. Significant difference of total hand value wasn't shown in repeated washing number, but in fabric types.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2014년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.173-174
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• 2014

In this research, the effect of the amount of retarder and the washing timing on the quality of aggregate-exposed concrete produced by water-jet washing method is evaluated as a series of test to develop the aggregate-exposed concrete as a concrete finishing method. As a result, the amount of losing aggregate and surface mortar was increased as the dosage of retarder was increased because of the hydration retarding effect of the retarder. Furthermore, as the washing timing was extended, the mortar on the surface of the concrete was not blown by water jet with 8 to 24 ml of retarder because of hydration of cement, hence the surface quality was poor. Therefore, washing timing of one day after concrete placement showed 90 % of aggregate exposed rate and 24 ml of retarder showed the most favorable result of aggregate exposure.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.492-500
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• 2012

Cocoa is a popular drink for children and contains healthy polyphenols however; a deep brown stain is left when cocoa is spilled over clothes. The main pigments in cocoa are anthocyanins that change in washing solutions with different alkalinity and metals. The removal and color changes in a cocoa stain after washing with various pH solutions and water hardness were studied. Alkalinity and the water hardness of washing solutions were important factors for the removal of cocoa stains. The removal of cocoa things in washing solutions without detergent was low (and even became negative after removal and darker) in solutions with a pH 9 and above. The cocoa stain was not removed and only the fabric color faded, although the cocoa stained cloth was washed with Korea tap water that has a pH of 7. The cocoa stain removal in detergent solutions was conspicuously higher than for only water. Even in detergent solutions, the cocoa stain removal decreased as water hardness increased. Cocoa stain removal was more effective and the color dimmest when the stained cloth was washed in a solution without the metal cations, and the bleach added with the detergent at a temperature of $40^{\circ}C$ and for longer than 20 minutes. Effective and economical equipment for tap water softening for a washing machine should be developed and used to improve cocoa stain removal.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.439-444
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• 2012

본 연구는 고등어육을 수도수 수세한 것(Tap water washing, TWW)과 전해수 수세한 것(Electrolytic water washing, EWW)의 일반성분과 색차 그리고 SDS-전기영동을 통하여 수세효과를 확인하였다. EWW 고등어육 잔사의 수분함량은 TWW경우보다 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 단백질함량은 TWW경우보다 EWW 경우가 1%정도 더 감소하였다. 조지방의 경우도 단백질결과와 같았다. 전해수에 수세한 것에 비해 수도수에 수세한 처리구가 명도값이 높았다. 적색도는 낮아지는 경향이었으나 수도수와 전해수모두 2회 이상의 수세에서는 감소하는 경향은 유의하지 않았다(p<0.05). 황색도는 처리구 모두 수세횟수에 관계없이 유의하지 않은 결과 였다. 전기영동에 의한 단백질 패턴변화를 확인한 결과 EWW 잔사물이 TWW 잔사물 보다 더 진한 즉, 염용성 단백질 band(205KD) 부분이 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 적색육 어묵산업에서 EWW가 TWW보다 나을 것으로 생각된다.