• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.15-22
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• 1991

The effects of electrolytes on color fastness properties of cotton fabric with Congo Red have been studied at $90^{\circ}C$. Each dyeing carried with $10 \times 10^{-6}M$ of Congo Red and with various concentration of electrolytes. The results obtained from this study were as follow 1. In the case of none, the fastness to washing became worse, but the fastness to light better with increasing dye concentration. 2. In the case of additing an electrolyte, the fastness to washing became worse and the fastness to light better than the case of none. The samples had become yellower after washing test. Yellowness had been reduced after fade-O-meter test. 3. What kind of electrolytes could not have any effect on the fastness to washing, but they influenced the fastness to light in the order of LiCl

• Membrane Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2002

Membrane process was investigated to recover useful components, such as protein from rice-washing water generated in the production of the washed-rice. The filtration experiments were carried out using not only a dead-end Amicon cell to determine suitable membranes but also a hollow fiber ultrafiltration, spiral wound nanofiltration and reverse osmosis modules for home water purification. Ultrafiltration module(molecular weight cut-off : 10,000 dalton) was not suitable for recovery of useful components or protein in the rice-washing water, but nanofiltration and reverse osmosis modules showed a good performance. in the case of 250% concentration of the rice-washing water contained about 9% protein the proteins in concentrates of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis were 18% and 22%, which were about 2 and 2.4 times higher protein concentrations than those of feed, respectively.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.44-55
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• 2001

Background : This study aimed at identifying the effect of the standardized protocol on lowering the incidence of the ventilator associated pneumonia(VAP). Methods : The standard protocol focusing on decreasing VAP was made and applied at 5 ICUs (Medical ICU, surgical ICU, Respiratory ICU, Neonatal ICU, Pediatric ICU) in a university affiliated tertiary hospital, from April 1, 2000 to Oct 31, 2000. The protocol involved 3 parts : hand washing, the suctioning method and ventilator circuit management. All the nursing personnel received intensive education which was consisted of lecture, video film and demonstration. 176 nurses reported the performance of handwashing pre and post intervention. And randomly selected 15 nurses were observed by charge nurse and the handwashing practice was analyzed pre and post intervention. The incidence of VAP was compared with the former year incidence. Results : The self reported frequency of hand washing increased. In the direct observation of handwashing, the frequency, time, thoroughness of hand washing during 8 hours day duty was found to be improved. The frequency was increased from 1.1 time to 4.1 times; the time was improved from 1.7 seconds to 5.7 seconds and the thoroughness of the washing practice was from 0.2 times to 3.0 times respectively (p<0.001). The incidence of VAP decreased from at a rate of 15.63 number of case per 1,000 ventilator-day (April 1~August 31, 1999) to 7.23 number of case per 1,000 ventilator-days(April 1~Oct 31, 2000)(P<0.001). Conclusion : We developed the protocols which included hand washing, the suctioning method, and ventilator circuit management. Through the implementation of the protocol, the performance of hand washing improved and the VAP incidence rate in ICU was decreased.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.418-422
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• 1984

In order to determine the removal efficiency of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables by washing processes, samples of lettuce, young Chinese radish, Chinese cabbage, green red pepper, strawberry and grape were artificially contaminated with malathion and washed according to the household practices. After three times washings with water, the remaining ratios of malathion residues in grape, green red pepper, strawberry, young Chinese radish, lettuce and Chinese cabbage were 9.7%, 25.2%, 28.0%, 29.7%, 38.9% and 57.5%, respectively. After washing with detergent solution followed by two times rinsing with water, the remaining ratios of malathion residues in the same food samples were 1.6%, 8.3%, 15.8%, 24.8%, 27.2% and 45.9%, respectively. The removal efficiency of malathion by detergent washing was significantly higher than the water washings only. The removal ratio of malathion residues was the highest in the first washing and the ratio fell greatly in the following washings. The removal efficiency was not quite different in the temperature range of $5-35^{\circ}C$ of the washing solution, but the efficiency at $100^{\circ}C$ was 2-3 times higher than other temperature ranges.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.152-167
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the microbiological safety of food ingredients supplied to elementary school food services during processing. For this purpose, fifteen food ingredients and twelve factories were chosen in the provinces of Daegu and Gyeongbuk. Total plate counts and coliform counts were reduced in the ingredients after washing, but they increased after packing. After packing, the following levels of total plate counts and coliforms were detected, respectively: peeled bellflower roots ($1.2{\sim}3.6{\times}10^6$, $3.1{\sim}4.6{\times}10^5$ CFU/g), blanched vegetables ($5.6{\times}10^3{\sim}2.0{\times}10^5$, <5~$1.5{\times}10^4$ CFU/g), soybean curd (<5~$5.4{\times}10^3$, <5~$2.2{\times}10^3$ CFU/g), buckwheat starch jelly (<5, <5 CFU/g), soybean sprouts ($1.2{\times}10^6{\sim}1.8{\times}10^7$, $2.4{\times}10^5{\sim}4.3{\times}10^6$ CFU/g), mackerel ($2.2{\times}10^2$, $1.3{\times}10^2$ CFU/g), chicken ($3.8{\times}10^4$, $6.7{\times}10^2$ CFU/g), pork ($6.7{\times}10^2$, <5 CFU/g), and beef ($9.4{\times}10^2{\sim}5.2{\times}10^4$, <5~$2.1{\times}10^3$ CFU/g). Generally, the microbiological safety of the food ingredients was better during the processing stage than during the other stages, with the exception of packing. Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Bacillus cereus were detected in small amounts on the peeled bellflower roots, chicken, and pork, respectively. These results indicate that peeled bellflower roots, chicken, and pork need to be sanitized at the washing stage and cross contamination must be prevented at the packing stage.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.2 s.141
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• pp.102-108
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• 2005

We have studied the physico-chemical change and pharmacological transformation of traditional herbal medicines with processing. Evodia fruit (EF) has processed for the purpose of detoxification and reduction of its bitter taste. There are various methods of processing EF in Oriental medicinal reference. Among them, we processed EF according to the method of Sang-han theory, the most famous medicinal reference. We processed EF with washing in hot water, and then dried. Processed EFs(PEFs) were prepared according to the above procedure through repetition of 1,3,5 and 7 times respectively. The contents of weight loss, water extract, diluted ethanol extract, ether extract, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alkaloids and limonin in non-processed EF (NPEF) and PEFs were examined. The weight loss, and contents of water extract and dilute ethanol extract in PEF showed decrease in proportion to increase of washing time, while the contents of ether extract, total ash and acid insoluble ash showed little change as compared with those of NPEF. And the content of evodiamine and rutaecarpine was not changed distinctly. However, the content of limonin decreased in the final processed material in proportion to increase of washing times with hot water. And the intense of bitter taste in PEF was also reduced. These results were ascribed to the flowing-out of the water-soluble portion. The biological activities of NPEF and PEF were also investigated. In the test of DPPH scavenging effect, xanthine oxidase inhibition effect and TBA-Rs effect, PEF was more effective than NPEF in vitro. Also, both NPEF and PEF showed potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects against in mice. Especially, PEF by 3 times washing with hot water was more effective than other PEFs. From these results, it is considered that PEF should be prepared by 3 times washing with hot water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.942-952
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• 2014

Winter outerwear includes various clothes such as classical jackets/coats, padded jackets/coats, wind breakers, leather and fur jackets/coats. This research surveyed care-label instructions attached to 100 jackets/coats dropped off at five drycleaners in the Gyungin area. University students' perception and attitudes towards care labels and management of winter outerwear were examined using a questionnaire. Data collected from 230 respondents were analyzed by frequency analyses, t-tests, ANOVAs and Duncan tests with PASW 20.0. Half of the padding jackets/coats were labelled to be dry cleaned and dry cleaning was more excessively labelled than necessary. University students confirmed more care symbols than fiber compositions such as more at time of cleaning than at purchasing. Clothing-related major students understood care label symbols better than non-clothing major students. Consumers laundered some winter outerwear at home, even though they thought dry cleaning was a proper cleaning method. The appropriate cleaning method for padded jackets/coats is laundering; however, consumers who answered dry cleaning as an appropriate method were three times as those who answered washing, and those performed dry cleaning were two times as those who performed washing. Winter outerwear manufacturers should provide adequate and more specified care-information to consumers in order to maintain initial appearance and performance over longer periods.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.60-63
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• 2004

Demand for development of processing systems for pre-washed rice and propagation of the systems has recently been on the rise, because rice-cooking requires watering 15 times the rice quantity to cook, as in case of the regular rice currently being circulated in Korean market, in addition to paying the trouble of washing it for cooking, and besides the milky turbid water coming from the rice-washing contributes to water contamination. In this study, therefore, a processing system for pre-washed rice was designed and built with rice surface polishing devices that adopted abrading and airing methods, an electrostatic method and a method using a fine watering, to conduct its performance test. The result showed that turbidity of the wash water, which is the base to determine the pre-washed rice standard, turned out 47.33 ppm and 48.00 ppm respectively for 800 kg/hr and 1,000 kg/hr supplies, which meets the standard for the processing system free from rice-washing for cooking. The quantity of watering at this experiment was only 0.43 times the rice, thus resulting in curtailment of process-watering by approximately $69\%$ compared with the existing wet-type pre-washed rice processing system popular in Korean market.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.12 no.4 s.31
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• pp.269-283
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• 2006

To show the recognition of hand-sanitizer, we studied the answers of research questions where we got from the northern part of Seoul and Kyunggi Province. We had categorized two groups both industry-related people who work in restaurants, hygiene service shops, whole sales, government organizations, PC shops, factory-department stores and non industry-related people who work in schools, general offices for this study. 1. Hand sanitation level: Over 60% people washed hands 6 times a day. The group using water and soap was much bigger than the group using water for washing hands. For drying, people preferred wipe tissue, towels, clothes, non drying in that order. 2. Recognition of hand sanitizer and its usage experience: Most people(66.5%) did not know what hand sanitizer is, but they have positive attitude if they use this machine. 3. Place of hand sanitizer: The proper places to install were such public places as hospitals, restrooms, and restaurants. The fifties-group was the most frequently hand washing generation with over 9 times a day. 4. Comparison of recognition for hand-sanitizer by male and female: There were different results in each evaluation item by either male or female. The frequency and method of hand washing showed high in males, while females observed hand sanitization, installation requirements, installation areas, home installation, etc more than anything else.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.17-22
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• 2007

The feasibility of soil washing was investigated to remediate Pb-contaminated field soil. Hydrochloric acid was used as a washing agent. As mixing time increased from 5 min to 120 min, removal efficiency of Pb from contaminated soil increased from 69.3% to 81.9%. Two times washing with 0.2 M HCl showed 96% removal efficiency even at mixing time of 10 min. The Pb content in soil increased sharply as particle size of soil decreased, and removal efficiency was highly dependent on mixing time and temperature. Based on this result, acid washing technologies can be applied to remediate the Pb-contaminated soil used in this study.