• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.69-74
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• 2013

본 연구는 식초절임 무의 HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)시스템 구축을 위하여 생물학적 위해요소분석을 위한 목적으로 2012년 2월 1일~6월 31일까지 약 150일 동안 수행하였다. 일반적인 식초절임 무 제조업체의 제조공정을 참고로 하여 공정도를 작성하였으며, 식초절임 무의 원료 농산물(무), 용수, 첨가물과 포장재료에 입고, 보관, 정선, 세척, 표피제거, 절단, 선별, 충진, 내포장, 금속검출, 외포장, 보관 및 출하공정에 대하여 작성하였다. 원료 무의 세척 전, 세척 후의 Coliform group, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria Monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, Clostridium perfringens, Yeast 와 Mold를 측정한 결과 Bacillus cereus는 세척 전 $5.00{\times}10$ CFU/g이었으나, 세척 후 검출되지 않았으며, Yeast 와 Mold 는 세척 전 $3.80{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, 세척 후 10 CFU/g로 감소되었으며 나머지 병원성균은 검출되지 않았다. 조미액의 pH(2~5)별 미생물의 변화를 시험한 결과 모든 균이 검출되지 않은 pH 3~4를 조미액의 pH로 결정하였다. 작업장별 공중낙하균 (일반세균수, 대장균, 진균수) 시험결과 내포장실, 조미액가공실, 세척실, 보관실의 미생물수는 10 CFU/Plate, 2 CFU/Plate, 60 CFU/Plate 그리고 20 CFU/Plate 가 검출되었다. 종사자 손바닥 시험결과 일반세균수 346 $CFU/Cm^2$, 대장균군 23 $CFU/Cm^2$로 높게 나타나 개인위생관리에 대한 교육 및 훈련이 요구 되었다. 제조설비 및 기구의 표면오염도를 검사한 결과 모든 시료에서 대장균군은 검출되지 않았고, 일반세균은 PP Packing machin과 Siuping machine (PE Bulk)에서 가장 많은 $4.2{\times}10^3CFU/Cm^2$, $2.6{\times}10^3CFU/Cm^2$ 검출되었다. 위의 위해분석 결과 병원성미생물을 예방, 감소 또는 제거할 수 있는 조미액 가공 공정이 CCP-B (Biological)로 관리되어야 하고, 한계기준은 pH 3~4로 결정하였다. 따라서 전통한과생산에의 HACCP 모델 적용을 위한 미생물학적 위해도 평가에서와 같이 조미액 가공 공정의 관리기준 및 이탈시 조치방법, 검증방법, 교육 훈련과 기록관리 등 철저한 HACCP 관리계획이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2006년도 제23차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.69-72
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• 2006

To investigate the manufacturing methods of surimi-like materials (SLM) from breast muscle of spent hen, the muscles were diced, chopped and washed with distilled water or sodium chloride solution at 0.1, 0.5 and 1% level and then washed with distilled water to extract myofibrillar protein. When used only distilled water to extract myofibrillar protein, washing was repeated 3 times followed by homogenization and centrifugation of breast muscle after each washing (CM; conventional method). Whereas, to extract myofibrillar protein using sodium chloride solution had sufficient to do 2 times washing by distilled water after 1 time washing by sodium chloride followed by homogenization and centrifugation of breast muscle after each washing (NM; new method). The both batter and cooked SLM gel from NM had significantly (p<0.05) lower redness compared with CM. Again, SDS-PAGE with sarcoplasmic protein fractions showed that the bands of phosphorylase had increased staining intensity in NM compared with CM. These results indicated that the brightness was related to sarcoplasmic protein fractions. SDS-PAGE with myofibrillar protein showed that the bands of myosin had increased staining intensity in NM compared with CM. Data implied that myofibrillar protein extraction with sodium chloride solution had the better adaptability for the breast muscle of spent hen then the commonly used distilled water method.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.415-426
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• 2014

This study investigated the color change, enhancement of dye uptake, washing fastness, and light fastness of cotton and silk when dyed with Juniperus chinensis and Terminalia chebula (combination dyeing) using various methods. The dyeing methods were 1) dyeing Juniperus chinensis extract and Terminalia chebula Retzius extract sequentially (J-T), 2) dyeing Terminalia chebula Retzius extract and Juniperus chinensis extract sequentially (T-J), 3) dyeing Juniperus chinensis extract and Terminalia chebula Retzius extract simultaneously (J+T), and 4) dyeing Juniperus chinensis extract 4 times repeatedly and followed by a dyeing Terminalia chebula Retzius extract in sequence. In terms of increased dyeing uptake, combination dyeing (dyeing 2 times like method 1, 2, 3) had the same impact as the repeated dyeing (method 4). The color of J, T combination dyeing showed wide range of mixed YR series, Y series resulting from Terminalia chebula Retzius, and R series resulting from Juniperus chinensis. In cotton, J-T dyeing method showed superior enhancement of dye uptake, and T-J method in silk. In both of the cases, Y series color from Terminalia chebula Retzius extract was mainly shown (Y series color was superior to R series color after dyeing). Therefore, it is recommended for cotton to implement T-J method and for silk to implement J-T method in order to enhance both dyeing uptake and emphasize the color of R series. The K/S value of combination dyed fabrics was decreased by increasing washing time; however, the K/S value of combination dyed fabrics was increased by increasing UV irradiation time. But after repeated washing and longer UV irradiation, ${\Delta}E$ value of combination dyed fabric became smaller compared to fabric dyed with Juniperus chinensis only. Thus, it was found that after J, T combination dyeing, fabric became less prone to fading by washing and UV than after Juniperus chinensis single dyeing was done.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2000

5L laboratory-scale anaerobic digester was used to study the effects of food size and washing rate of food waste on the mixed digestion with sewage sludge. Food waste was crushed with particle diameters of 4mm and 2mm and washed two to three times, and seven to eight times before feeding the batch digester. The digester with crushed of washed food waste showed better performance than that with uncrushed of unwashed to produce methane gas of reduce volatile solids. The digester with 2mm food waste showed 17.4% higher VS/TS reduction rate and 18ml higher methane production rate per gram VS input than that with uncrushed food waste, where VS and TS are volatile solid and total solids in the liquid effluent, respectively. Also food waste crushed eight times gave 8% higher VS/TS reduction rate and 11ml higher methane production rate per gram VS input than unwashed food waste.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.703-708
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to establish washing conditions for vegetable salad to reduce the microbial hazard by using sodium hypochlorite solution and eventually to implement HACCP for salad processing. By using the salad production line of Shinkeum Co. located in Gwacheon, Gyunggi-do, salad samples were washed under several washing conditions (chlorine dip period, chlorine concentration, rinse time, etc.) to determine the most effective conditions. The original washing line consisted of 3 baths (100 ppm chlorine water dip, water rinse, and water rinse), each with a capacity of 100 L of tap water and 5 kg of salad. First, the salad samples were washed with 100 ppm of sodium hypochlorite solution for various dip times (3, 6, 9, 12 min); however, only a 1 log- or less-reduction in total microbial counts was achieved in all groups and the time of chlorine water dip was not a significant factor in reducing the microbial hazard. When another water bath was added before the chlorine water dip (4-bath washing), a 2 log-reduction in total microbial counts was achieved. This result suggested the importance of pre-dipping salad materials in water before chlorine treatment to reduce the organic load on the surface of the vegetables. Coliforms were not detected at all after washing. As the concentration of chlorine $(50{\sim}150\;ppm)$ and rinse time $(0.5{\sim}2\;min)$ increased, greater microbial reduction was achieved; however, physical damage of the salad was observed. Finally, the optimum washing conditions for salad were determined as 3 min-water dip, 3 min-chlorine (100 ppm) dip, 2 min-rinse, and 2 min-rinse.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.288-295
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• 1999

This study was conducted to examine the fatigue phenomenon of mechanical properties in tencel fabrics by repeated washing & shear and tensile deformation. The obtained results are as follows. After performing repeated shear tensile deformation, RT of tencel showed higher increase rate than that of cotton and rayon, whereas its WT and EM was a smaller decrease rate than that of them. This means that tencel's resistance to tensile deformation was the greatest. In the repeated washing and shear tensile deformation, tencel's 2HB, 2HG and 2HG5 showed a remarkable increase rate. In terms of deformation frequency, the greatest change rate appeared at the time of 1000 cycles of repeated shear tensile deformation and 15 times of repeated washing. In the hand value and THV, KOSHI showed a higher increase rate for tencel than for cotton and rayon in both repeated washing and shear tensile deformation, and NUMERI showed a higher increase rate. In the THV the change rate of rayon and cotton could be rarely seen but for tencel, it decreased. tencel's change rate of thermal insulation value by materials was 1.08%, and it increased as the washing frequency increased, compared to the grey fabrics, whereas the change rates of cotton and rayon were 0.74% and 0.22%, respectively. The qmax decreased in the order of cotton>tencel>rayon as the washing frequency increased.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2020

본 연구는 응급구조(학)과 학생들의 임상 실습 경험 여부에 따른 손 씻기에 대한 인식도와 실천도를 파악하고, 현실적으로 적용 가능한 손 씻기 교육의 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 연구의 대상자는 P 시, J 시의 응급구조(학)과 학생 335명을 대상으로 하였으며, 연구에 동의한 대상자에게 URL을 배포하여 설문지 폼을 이용한 비대면 설문조사를 이용하였다. 연구 결과는 SPSS/WIN 23.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 대상자의 1일 평균 손 씻기 횟수는 5~8회 142명(42.4%)이 있었으며, 평균 손 씻기 시간은 24.34초이다. 임상경험에 따른 손 씻기 인식도의 차이에서는 '손목까지 손 씻기'와 '손 씻기 후 완전히 물기를 건조가 필요하다'에서 통계학적 유의미한 차이를 확인할 수 있었다(p<0.05). 임상 실습 경험에 따른 손 씻기 실천도의 차이에서는 '임상실습 장비를 만지기 전'과 '실습 중 음료와 같은 음식물을 섭취하기 전'에서 통계학적 유의미한 차이를 확인할 수 있었다(p<0.05). 손 씻기의 인식도와 실천도의 상관관계에서는 손 씻기의 인식도가 높을수록 실천도가 높아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다(p=0.001). 본 연구 결과를 토대로 손 씻기에 대한 인식도 및 실천도를 향상시킬 수 있는 손 씻기 교육의 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권11호
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• pp.626-633
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 전기 제강로 분진(EAFD)으로부터 고 순도의 아연회수를 위한 산 습식법 중 알칼리 금속 및 염화물(Na, K, Cl) 제거를 위한 적정 수 세척공정의 운영조건에 대해 조사하였다. 서로 다른 성상을 가지는 두 종류의 EAFD 시료를 대상으로 원소분석, XRD, 입도 분석 등의 물리화학적 특성을 분석하였고, 세척액의 pH, 세척시간, 고액비(mL/g) 및 세척반복횟수 등에 따른 알칼리 금속 및 염화물의 세척효율(%)을 비교하였다. 연구 결과, EAFD 내 알칼리 금속과 염화물은 고액비 3, 세척시간>30, pH 10~11의 조건에서 아연과 철의 손실을 최소화하면서(<~0.1%) 효과적으로 제거할 수 있었으며, 1회 세척시 Na-78%, K-76%, Cl >99%의 세척효율을 보였다. Na와 K는 3회 반복 세척 시 각각 97%, 89%까지 제거 가능하였다. 두 종류의 EAFD 혼합(1:1)시료를 대상으로 시료 용량을 늘려(10배) 수행한 실험 결과에서도 세척액의 최종 pH 10~11에서 Zn의 손실 없이 Na, K, Cl 등을 효과적으로 제거 가능함을 확인하였다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2014

가시광촉매의 특성 및 가시광촉매가 코팅처리된 자동차내장재 nylon/polyester 복합섬유에 대한 VOCs의 저감에 대해 알아보았다. 가시광촉매 Weltouch의 결정구조는 아나타제상과 루타일상이 복합된 것으로 약 420nm이상의 파장을 갖는 빛에너지에서도 활성을 나타냈다. 또한 가시광촉매가 처리된 자동차내장재 nylon/polyester 복합 섬유에서 발생하는 VOCs 및 포름알데히드는 현저한 저감효과를 나타냈으며, 섬유를 25회 세탁을 행하여도 가시광촉매의 탈락없이 표면에 견고하게 부착되어 가스분해성능을 유지하는 것으로 나타나서 세탁내구성이 우수한 것을 확인하였다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.945-952
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• 2004

Shrink-resist effects and properties of the knitted fabrics from wool/acrylic(W/A) fiber blends were determined to find out an optimal blending ratio keeping the quality properties of wool products. The test fabrics were knitted by a weft knitting machine with all needle knitting structure ($0{\times}0$ rib) under the same knitting conditions with five different types of yarns: $W100\%,\;A100\%$, and W/A blended yarns(70/30, 50/50, 30/70). Shrinkage during repeated washing, electrostatic propensity, thermal resistance and pilling propensity of W/A knits. The shrink resistance was significantly enhanced on repeated washing of W/A knits, especially, over $50\%$ acrylic blended knits. Addition of strong physical force and alkali detergent applied in this washing experiment brought about superior effects with the low shrinkage rate although it was very severe washing conditions for wool fabrics. The results from the washing experiment implies that W/A blend knits can be machine washed at individual households with other ordinary laundry. There was some changes and variation found in thermal resistance, electrostatic propensity, and pilling. W/A 50/50 blended knits did not bring serious changes to other physical properties comparing with original wool, which helps consumers care wool knitted clothes more conveniently.