• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.11-24
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• 2008

This research verifies the effect on environmental attitude and knowledge accomplishment by t-test as producing and running programs regarding global warming which is raised as a representative environmental issue subject to 6th grade-elementary students. For this, environmental education programs about global warming for elementary students are developed and applied 15 times by reconstituting classes based on the contents regarding global warming from the text books revised as of 7th course of study. The result is as below. First, some part of contents from social study and science of 6th grade elementary curriculum of 7th course of study was able to be reconstituted to 15 education programs. Secondly, the programs about global warming improved students' environmental attitude Application of the programs about global warming showed significant difference(p<.05) on building environmental attitude as it proved those are effective on both area of recognition level and practice level. The method used on the test had .866's Cronbach alpha modulus value therefore, it obtained reliability. Thirdly, the programs regarding global warming improved students' knowledge accomplishment. As a result of test for knowledge accomplishment which was executed with same method for attitude test, the application of the programs about global warming showed significant difference(p<.05) on improving students' knowledge accomplishment on the global warming therefore, it resulted that the application of the program is effective on knowledge acquirement.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2000

To study the effect of global warming on the growth of plants and plant populations throughout their life cycle under a field-like condition, we constructed a Temperature Gradient Chamber (TGC) in Tsukuba, Japan. The chamber had slender shape : 30 m long. 3 m wide, and 2.5 m high. That satisfactory performance was confirmed by a test throughout all seasons in 1998: the projected global warming condition in the near future was simulated. That is, independent of a great daily or seasonal change in ambient meteorological conditions, air temperatures at the air outlet were warmed 5$^{\circ}C$ higher than those at the ambient (the annual mean was 14.3$^{\circ}C$) with precision of ${\pm}$0.2$^{\circ}C$ (the annual means were 19.2$^{\circ}C$) with a rising rate of approximately 1$^{\circ}C$ every 5 m. This chamber will enable us to study the effects of global warming on growth of plants and plant populations because their abilities to control air temperature are excellent. TGC is expected that it would be utilized for studying the effect of global warming on plant growth under natural weather conditions.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare effects of intravenous fluid warming and forced-air warming on perioperative body temperature, Blood Pressure, Pulse and thermal discomfort after gastrectomy under general anesthesia. Methods: Data collection was performed from October, 2009 to February, 2010. The intravenous fluid warming group (27) was warmed through an IV line by an Animec set to $37^{\circ}C$. The forced-air warming group (27) was warmed by Bair Hugger System. The warming continued from induction of general anesthesia to two hours after completion of surgery. The data was analyzed by t-test, $X^2$, repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS/WIN 17.0. Results: There was a significant difference of body temperature and thermal discomfort between the intravenous fluid warming group and the forced-air warming group. Conclusion: We need to explore the effects combination of the intravenous fluid warming and the forced-air warming, and other warming therapy and the efficiency of modalities with regards to cost benefit is also needed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 2009

The temperature of root zone is known as an important factor for the growth of crops and reduction of energy in greenhouse. The purpose of this study was to design the solar energy supply system to keep the optimum condition of root zone by soil warming. As a result of this study, soil warming compared with no warming changed on a large scale temperature rise effect by depth of soil. The greenhouse's inner temperature have an effect on the temperature of surface up to 15 cm, rised to about 1 hour after warming. In case of the temperature fluctuation, soil temperature was about $12^{\circ}C$ up to 15${\sim}$25 cm and it was $13.4^{\circ}C$ at greater depths. This results showed that the position of root zone was very different after 3 weeks of growth.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2002

Since the rapid urbanization period coincides with the start of global warming, climate data might be contaminated with urbanization effect in Korea. Monthly normals of daily minimum, maximum, and mean temperature of 14 stations were calculated for 1951-1980 and 1971-2000 periods. Differences in two temperature normals were regressed to the natural logarithms of population increase at corresponding 14 cities from 1966 to 1990. The regression models were used to remove potential effects of urbanization from the apparent warming, and to determine the net contribution of global warming to the temperature change in Korea during the recent half century. According to the model calculation, there was little evidence of global warming in the warm season (May through November), while urbanization effect was common in all season except April. Up to 0.5$^{\circ}C$ warming of nighttime temperature was found to be induced by urbanization. Cool season temperature was increased by up to 0.6$^{\circ}C$ due mainly to the global warming of daytime temperature.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

In order to examine the heat transfer characteristic of a soil warming system and effects of soil warming on the greenhouse heating load, control experiments were performed in two greenhouses covered with double polyethylene film. One treated the soil warming with an electric heat wire and the other treated a control. Inside and outside air temperature, soil temperature and heat flux, and heating energy consumption were measured under the set point of heating temperature of $5,\;10,\;15,\;and\;20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Soil temperatures in a soil warming treatment were observed $4.1\;to\;4.9^{\circ}C$ higher than a control. Heating energy consumptions decreased by 14.6 to 30.8% in a soil warming treatment. As the set point of heating temperature became lower, the rate of decrease in the heating energy consumptions increased. The percentage of soil heat flux in total heating load was -49.4 to 24.4% and as the set point of heating temperature became higher, the percentage increased. When the set point of heating temperature was low in a soil warming treatment, the soil heat flux load was minus value and it had an effect on reducing the heating load. Soil heat flux loads showed in proportion to the air temperature difference between the inside and outside of greenhouse but they showed big difference according to the soil warming treatment. So new model for estimation of the soil heat flux load should be introduced. Convective heat transfer coefficients were in proportion to the 1/3 power of temperature difference between the soil surface and the inside air. They were $3.41\;to\;12.42\;W/m^{2}^{\circ}C$ in their temperature difference of $0\;to\;10^{\circ}C$. Radiative heat loss from soil surface in greenhouse was about 66 to 130% of total heating load. To cut the radiation loss by the use of thermal curtains must be able to contribute for the energy saving in greenhouse.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.48-53
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• 2019

Objectives : The aim of this study was to observe the clinical effect of warming acupunture therapy at Buyang(BL59), Golyun(BL60) in a traffic accident patient with neck pain. Methods : A 32-years-old, female patient with neck pain was treated by warming acupunture therapy at Buyang(BL59), Golyun(BL60) from April 28th to May 5th. The improvement of the patient's neck pain was evaluated by Visual Analog Scale(VAS), Pain Rating Score(PRS) and Neck Disability Index(NDI). Result : After treatment, flexion & extension VAS was decreased from 7.0 to 3.0 and lateral bending VAS was decreased from 7.5 to 4.0. PRS and NDI was improved 70 to 54, 41 to 35, respectively. Conclusions : The result suggests that warming acupunture therapy at Buyang(BL59), Golyun(BL60) may have therapeutic effect on neck pain patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.317-325
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pre-warming on body temperature, anxiety, pain, and thermal comfort. Methods: Forty patients who were scheduled for abdominal surgery were recruited as study participants and were assigned to the experimental or control group. For the experimental group, a forced air warmer was applied for 45-90 min (M=68.25, SD=15.50) before surgery. Body temperature and anxiety were measured before and after the experiment, but pain and thermal comfort were assessed only after the surgery. Hypotheses were tested using t-test and repeated measured ANOVA. Results: The experimental group showed higher body temperature than the control group from right before induction to two hours after surgery. Post-operative anxiety and pain in the experimental group were less than those of the control group. In addition, the score of thermal comfort was significantly higher in the experiment group. Conclusion: Pre-warming is effective in maintaining body temperature, lowering sensitivity to pain and anxiety, and promoting thermal comfort. Therefore, pre-warming can be recommended as a preoperative nursing intervention.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.428-437
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the changes of surgical patients' body temperature in applying warming to patients. The study of an effective nursing intervention, which aims to prevent hypothermia during surgical operations, use of anesthesia, and to remove dermal discomforts. The nonequivalent control group pre-test/post-test design was used for this quasi-experimental study. Method: The study subjects were adult patients who would take a surgical operation under general anesthesia in C Hospital; the surgical operations done were, total abdominal hysterectomy or Myomectomy; 20 patients were included in experimental group I, 20 patients were included in experimental group II, and 20 patients were in the comparative group. The total number of study subjects was 60. The data was collected from September the 1st, 2001 to October the 20th, 2001. The data was analyzed by SPSS program, F-test and Repeated measures of ANOVA. Multi-comparison method of DUNCAN was used for the sections that show the significant differences at the level of p<.05, which was a posterior examination. Result: 1) "The body temperatures of the three groups of patients will be respectively different at the end of the operations; experimental group I to which warming was applied before the operations, experimental group II to which warming was applied during the operations, and the comparative group with no warming being given," showed (F=12.609, p=.000). 2) "Degrees of shivering symptoms for the three groups will be respectively different at the end of the operations; experimental group I which applied warming before operations, experimental group II which applied warming during operations and the comparative group with no warming." Showed assumed (F=6.626, p=.000). Conclusion: Summing up the above study, the warming assumed during operations was a more effective nursing intervention for preventing patients' hypothermia than the warming assumed before operations.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.365-373
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative warming to prevent hypothermia in surgery for patients undergoing total hip replacement arthroplasty under spinal anesthesia. Methods: A randomized experimental study was conducted. Data were collected at an S University hospital in Gyeonggido from December 3, 2019 to March 31, 2020. A random allocation program was used to randomize participants into intervention and control groups. A total of 90 participants were assigned to the study: 30 people were randomized to a pre-warming group using Bair Hugger forced-air warming blankets(Model 505) 30 minutes before surgery, 30 to a pre-warming group 15 minutes before surgery, or 30 to a control group. The findings from 88 participants were analyzed. For data analysis, χ2 test and ANOVA were used utilizing the SPSS 21.0 program. Results: The pre-warming group 30 minutes before surgery had significantly higher body temperature than the control group, from 30 minutes after inducing anesthesia to the end of anesthesia. Body temperature over anesthesia time showed significant differences among the three groups, but there were no statistically significant differences in interactions between time and groups. Conclusion: Warming patients' body for 30 minutes before surgery was effective in maintaining normal body temperature while preventing intraoperative hypothermia.