• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.339-347
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• 1994

In this study the physiological significance of the upper and lower body on thermoregulation and sensation are examined. Experiments were carried out on 4 females in a climatic chamber conditioned at $25\pm1^{circ}C, 50\pm5%$ R.H.. Before the measurements, subjects were exposed to 3 types of enviromental temperature: 1) $25\pm1^{\circ}C$ for 60 min.(ST), 2) $25^{\circ}C$\rightarrow35^{circ}C\rightarrow25^{\circ}C$ for about 40 min.(HT), 3) $25^{\circ}C$\rightarrow15^{circ}C\rightarrow25^{\circ}C$ for about 40 min.(LT) covering the upper body (U) or lower body (L) with garments. 1) $T_{re}$ was significantly higher in L than in U only in 57 condition. $T_{sk}$ and Temp. under the clothing were higher in U than in L in all three conditions. Thermal sensation was warmer in U than in L, and comport sensation was most comfortable in HT condition. 2) When the upper or lower body was covered or exposed, the mean skin temperature of the upper body was higher than that of the lower body. Following covering and uncovering the same area, the changes in skin temperature were greater in the upper body than in lower body, and covering the upper body produced a greater difference of skin temperature between body and lower body than covering the lower body. 3) In all environmental conditions, when the upper body was uncovered, the skin temperatures of the chest, upper arms and forearms dropped to a considerable degree, and when the lower body was uncovered, skin temperatures of the legs showed the same pattern. On the other hand, skin temperature of the thinghs showed only little change in all cases except forehead and back uncovered or covered in two clothing types.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.1 s.106
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• pp.106-111
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• 2004

Fecal coliform bacteria is one of the most common cause of water quality impairments in Virginia, USA. Instream concentrations of fecal coliform (FC) bacteria were routinely monitored to assess surface water quality of the Polecat Creek watershed. Median concentration in water samples collected from 1995 to 2000 ranged from 80 cfu/100 mL to t 70 cfu/100 mL, while geometric mean concentrations ranged from 81 cfu/100 mL to 141 cfu/100 mL. The dilution and deposition by Lake Caroline may cause to lower FC concentration at monitoring site QPB, as compared FC concentration at QPD. Higher in-stream FC concentration occurred during the summer period(June-August), and lower concentration typically occurred during the winter period (December-February). This is due to more cattle in streams, and greater survival and regrowth of FC bacteria under warmer condition. The findings of this study can be helpful in planning the water quality monitoring program to avoid the inaccurate assessment of water quality due to the timing of sample collection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 1993

In this study, bedclimate was investigated depending on three bedquilts used on ondol in winter. The environmental room condition and the ondol surface temperature were maintained $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}3%R$. H and $30{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, respectively. The materials of the experimental quilts were not different from each other. But the weights of cotton filler were 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5kg for the bedquilts. Two healthy young women were subjected for seven hour's sleep with two replications for this study. The results are as follows. 1) The range of temperature under the mattress was higher($38.5{\sim}43.2^{\circ}C$) than that of the temperature on the mattress($32.4{\sim}37.0^{\circ}C$) or that of the temperature inside the bedquilts($30.2{\sim}34.5^{\circ}C$). The humidity inside the bedquilts was 40~73%R.H. 2) The range of bedclimate which subjects feel comfortable were $33.6{\sim}37.1^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, $30.2{\sim}33.6^{\circ}C$, 42~67%R.H. inside the bedquilts. At this range, the mean skin temperature of the subjects was was $34.7{\sim}35.6^{\circ}C$. 3) When there was heating, the weight of mattress increased due to evaporation by heat from below, while wehght of other bedding increased. 4) The lower limbs are noted to be a good representative for the prediction of the skin temperature during sleep. 5) The thicker the bedquilt, the warmer and more humid the bedquilt, which induce frequent body movement during sleep, hence inferior comfort properties of bedquilts.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.954-960
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• 2014

This study surveyed high school girls in the Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam areas to study how they wear school uniforms along with their satisfaction levels and demands in regards to functional school uniforms. This study presents data on the requirements for the development of winter school uniforms for high school girls with improved warmth functions. The findings are: First, high school girls purchased school uniforms of different brands and the purchase rates for three brands were 25% to 30% approximately. Most of them spent more than 300,000 KRW and less than 400,000 KRW on school uniforms purchases. Second, the greatest complaints by students about winter school uniforms were the ability to conduct routine activities and poor thermal insulation. The most popular bottom underwear for girls was underpants and leggings. The most popular top underwear was half-sleeved round neck t-shirts and running shirts. Third, a survey about uniform functionality showed that most students used and 'arm pit sweat absorbing pad', 'Waist size adjusting function, and 'inside pockets with zippers'. Satisfaction with functional uniforms was low: less than 3.5 in all questions. Fourth, students were favorable to develop functional uniforms to keep warm in the winter. The bottom needs to be warmer than the top and it is necessary to keep legs warm, especially the thighs and calves.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.623-634
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• 2006

In this study, characteristics of fog at Mokpo as the west coastal area of Jeonnam were investigated, using statistical analysis of observed fog and meteorological data. Higher frequency of the fog occurrence at Mokpo was showed in spring(32%) and summer(34%) due to the seasonal high atmospheric pressure. Regional characteristics as radiation cooling, advection of fog and water vapor from surrounding sea and Yeongsan lake, and frontal fog had major effect on the coastal fog at Mokpo on the meteorological conditions of north-west/south wind and calm($0{\sim}2m/s$). Also, as the results of analyzing data of before and after the construction of Yeongsan dam, the frequency of annual mean fog days increased 41 %, specially increased 178% in autumn. The increase of fog days mainly resulted from evaporation during colder seasons and from temperature inversion during warmer seasons over the water surface of Yeongsan lake. The construction of Yeongsan dam had a little effect on the meteorological conditions concerning fog occurrence, because Yeongsan dam which only supplies the water for use do not always carry out outlet of the cold water. In addition, the sea fog at Heuksando located in offshore had not effect on the occurrence of fog at Mokpo.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.966-976
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• 2017

This study investigated the effects of wearing latex gloves with inner gloves on the skin hydration of the hands. Fifteen young males participated in the following three conditions: bare hand (BH), latex glove (LG), and latex glove with inner glove condition (LGIG) at an air temperature of $28^{\circ}C$ with 50%RH. Subjects typed a book for 120 min. The results were as follows. Skin hydration was greater for LG and LGIG than BH (p<.001), but no difference was found between LG and LGIG. Skin hydration showed greater values on the thenar and dorsum compared to the palm for both LG and LGIG (p<.05). Skin hydration on the thenar increased during the typing for LG and LGIG, but on the dorsum, palm and finger maintained after 40 min typing. There were positive relationships between hand skin hydration and hand temperature (p<.05). Subjects indicated 'much warmer' and 'more humid' for the LG and LGIG compared to the BH (p<.001), but no differences were found between LG and LGIG. In conclusion, wearing inner gloves inside latex gloves did not induce a reduction of skin hydration and hand temperature; however, significant differences were found in all measurements between bare hands and gloved hands.

• Atmosphere
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2010

This study analyzes the climate change in Korea and its impact on the occurrence of forest fire events. The forest fire occurrences in Korea tend to concentrate around large cities. In addition, the spatial distribution of the forest fire occurrence seems to agree with local climate conditions. Though the occurrence of the forest fire shows strong interannual variation, it also exhibits a positive trend. Because the forest fire frequently occurs during early spring, we examined long term climate variability in Korea for the early spring seasons. The climate change in Korea generally has brought warmer, drier, and less precipitable conditions during the early spring. The changes of the atmospheric conditions provide favorable condition for the forest fire. The climate changes in Korea also depict distinct spatial variability according to the atmospheric variables. We compared the regional trend of the fire occurrence with the climate trends. The results show the sharpest growing in the forest fire occurrence over southwest of Korea. This study suggests that the decrease in the precipitation day might affect the sharp increasement of the forest fire occurrence in the southwest of Korea.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.91-98
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• 2008

The cafeteria is one of the welfare facilities in the college and crowed with students during lunchtime because of the various menu, saying time and cheap price. In designing the cafeteria, we have to consider the users' needs and the factors which effect on their satisfaction and behavior under the pleasant environment. The purpose of this study is to draw the environmental improvement factors by Post Occupancy Evaluation. A survey about the users' actual condition and environmental satisfaction level and a behavior observation in the field were utilized as the study methode. The 150 copies of questionnaire were completed by students who ate at the cafeteria of W college in Daejeon city. The SPSS 15.0 for Windows was used for a statistical analysis. The results are listed below; two factors were drawn as the improvement elements through the combination of the unsatisfactory items obtained by the descriptive statistics and the influential items by the multi-regression analysis. They are images and approach. In the 'image' category, there us a statistical difference between the present image and prefer image. The users prefer much brighter, warmer, newer, more gorgeous, more cheerful, more clear, more active, more comfortable, and more modern image of cafeteria. In the 'approach', the location of ail existing cafeteria is inaccessible from the classrooms in spite of an important relationship between classrooms and cafeteria. Therefore the complementary plan for convenient approach is demanded for improvement of users' satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.687-697
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• 2017

To figure out an appropriate pressure level for a body warming base layer, human responses were observed when the pattern reduction of base layers varied. Under the condition of $2^{\circ}C$, 60% RH, 0.1m/s, ten male subjects participated in the experiment with four sizes of experimental vests where heating pads were attached. The subjective evaluations of the heating vests with different sizes were reported using 7 or 9 point scales. We simultaneously observed chest, abdomen and scapula skin temperatures and microclimate humidity. It was found that the tight pattern as in the case of A or B provided a warmer subjective sensation and skin temperature than C or D; however, there were no differences in skin temperature at the chest. Eventually, the chest temperature decreased after about 30 mins of heating; however, temperature of abdomen increased and indicated that heating with two commercial pads used was inadequate for whole body warming. The pressure sensation of 'tight' was improved after warming the abdomen in a cold environment. Overall, the gaps beyond the original circumference of the abdomen, as in C or D, were not desirable for the local heating of abdomen under the conditions of this experiment where walking was included in the protocol. The experiment garment B with nude waist circumference was the best, and D with the largest ease, was the worst for a comfortable warming vest.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.828-835
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to clarify the landform development of fluvial terrace and the soil characteristics occurring on the terrace deposit. In order to achieve the purpose, the characteristics of soil profiles, the physic-chemical properties of soils that are developed on terrace deposits and X-ray diffraction analysis of clay were investigated. The horizon of Al in the high fluvial surface is silt clay loam of red (2YR 4/6). The soil structure is a developed granular structure. The horizon of B1 is silt clay reddish-brown (2.5YR 4/6). The soil structure is a medium subangular blocky structure. This red soil structure is made on heavy textured and compactly packed parent materials of high terrace sediments and usually has A-B-C profile. In most cases, clay accumulations in B-horizon and clay cutans on ped surfaces are observed, which mean the formation of agrillic horizon. As the result of this study, soils derived from fluvial terrace deposits on high fluvial surfaces are considered paleo-red soil which were developed by pedogenese-strong desilicification and rubefaction and strong leaching of bases- under warmer bio-climatic condition during in the old Pleistocene period.