• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.123-132
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determine the volume of Holstein heifers manure excreted and its characteristics. The average dry matter intake of heifers was 6.7 kg/head/day. The intake rate was lowest in spring among four seasons. The average dry matter intake rate during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 4.6, 8.3, 7.1, and 6.8 kg/head/day, respectively. The average water intake of heifers was $19.3{\ell}/head/day$. The wale. consumption was highest value ($21.8{\ell}/head/day$) in summer and lowest values ($18.3{\ell}/head/day$) in spring and winter. Values were found not to be statiscally different for the four seasons. The average manure production of heifers (average live weight was 363.1 kg) was 20.3 kg/head/day and it was 5.6% of live animal weight. The manure production during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 13.7, 23.5, 25.0, and 20.2 kg/head/day, respectively. Production during spring was lower than the other seasons (p<0.05). A higher correlation between live weight and manure production ($R^2=0.7816$) and between live weight and feed intake ($R^2=0.7296$) was observed for heifers. Correlations between manure production and water intake and between manure production and feed intake were found to be relatively low for heifers. The moisture content of feces was 83.5% and that of urine 94.6%. The pH of feces and urine were in the ranges of 7.4 and 7.5, respectively. The $BOD_5$, COD, SS, T-N, T-P concentrations of the heifer feces were 18,048, 50,114, 119,833, 2,519, and $427mg/{\ell}$, respectively. Heifer urine showed lower levels of $BOD_5(5,434mg/{\ell})$, COD$(6,550mg/{\ell})$, SS$(825mg/{\ell})$, T-N$(3,616mg/{\ell})$, and $T-P(28mg/{\ell})$ than feces. The fertilizer nutrient concentrations of heifer feces was 0.25% N, 0.1% $P_2O_5$ and 0.14% $K_2O$. Urine was found to contain 0.36% N, 0.006% of $P_2O_5$ and 0.31% $K_2O$.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.32
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• pp.3-44
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• 2012

The purpose of the study is to explore the strategies to build participatory digital archives for documenting localities. Following the introduction of the chapter one, the chapter two deals with categorizing participation types of persons and organizations for documenting localities, analysing characteristics and benefits of each type, and listing up the requirements of participatory archives based on literature reviews. The chapter three focuses on the analyses of digital archives especially based on the participation of organizations such as collecting institutions and community archives in USA, Canada and UK. The cases of participatory archives are divided into two types; i) digital archives based on archival collections of institutions such as libraries, archives, and museums, ii) digital archives mainly based on various community archives. Online Archives California(OAC) and Calisphere of University of California, MemoryBC of British Columbia of Canada, and People's Collection Wales of UK as the first type cases, and Connecting Histories of Birmingham, 'Community Archives Wales(CAW), Cambridgeshire Community Archive Network(CCAN), Norfolk Community Archives Network(NORCAN) as the second type cases are selected for comparative analyses. All these cases can be considered as archival portals since they cover collections from various organizations. This study then evaluates how these digital archives fulfill the requirements of participatory archives such as : i) integrated search of archives that are to be distributed, ii) participation of individuals and organizations, and iii) providing broader contextual information and representation of context as well as contents of archives. Lastly the final chapter suggests the implications for building participatory archives in Korean local areas based on following aspects : host organizations and implementation strategy, networks of collection institutions and community archives, preserving and reorganizing contextual information, selection and appraisal, and participation of records users and creators.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.859-868
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• 1998

In order to investigate the relation between the marine environmental characteristics and the change of the catch in set net, the marine environment properties were analyzed by temperature and salinity observed in the western coastal area of Cheju Island from 1995 to 1996 and the results are as follows 1) Main axis of Tsushima Current appeared in the western coastal area of Cheju Island was off 2$\~$3 miles from November to May. Therefore the waters of high temperature over $14^{\circ}C$ and high salinity from $34.40\%_{\circ}$ to $34.60\%_{\circ}$ were distributed homogeneously from surface to bottom in this time. But China Coastal Waters of low salinity appeared in the Cheju Strait from June to October, surface waters became of high temperature and low salinity, and middle and bottom waters became of the temperature from 11 to $14^{\circ}C$ and the salinity over $33.50\%_{\circ}$ and then vertically sharp thermocline and halocline are formed in the western coastal area of Cheju Island. In summer, the water temperature and salinity of the surface waters in wstern coastal area of Cheju Island were lower and higher respectively than that in middle area of the Cheju Strait and the temperature and salinity of the bottom waters in this area were higher and lower, respectively than that in middle area of the Cheju Strait. Such a distribution shows a tidal front in this coastal area. On the whole year, surface temperature and salinity were from 14 to $23^{\circ}C$ and from 30.60 to $34.60\%_{\circ}$, respectively, and annual fluctuation range of temperature and salinity was within $9^{\circ}C$ and $4.00\%_{\circ}$, respectively, Thus, annual fluctuation range in this area is much narrower than that in the Cheju Strait. In bottom water, temperature ranges from 14 to $20^{\circ}C$ through the year. Thus, the fluctuation range of temperature is narrow. The low temperature of from $11^{\circ}C$ to $13^{\circ}C$ appeared in the west enterance of Cheju Strait was not shown in this coastal area. 2) The salinity of bottom water was from $33.60\%_{\circ}$ to $34.40\%_{\circ}$ in 1995, while low salinity wale. below $32.00\%_{\circ}$ appeared all depth from June in 1996. Thus, the variation of hydrographic conditions in this area is narrow in winter, and wide in summer due to the influence of China Coastal Waters. 3) In summer, surface cold water, local eddy and fronts of temperature and salinity were showed within 2 mile from the west coast of the Cheju Island due to vertical mixing by tidal current. Especially, temperature and salinity of bottom water are changed with the change of depth around Biyang-Do. Thus, the front of temperature and salinity appeared clearly between shallow area with the depth of under 10 m and deep area with of the depth of more than 50m. Surface water in outside area where high temperature and low salinity water appear intrudes between Worlreong-Ri and Geumreung-Ri. Thus, the front of temperature and salinity was made along the line that connects from this coast to Biyang-Do, The temperature of the bottom water is $2^{\circ}C$ to $4^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the surface water and its salinity is $0.02\%_{\circ}$ to $0.08\%_{\circ}$ higher than that of the surface water even in shallow area.