• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.519-524
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• 2010

This clinical study was done to examine comparison the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity index between patients with silent lacunar infarction and normal controls. We compared the components of metabolic syndrome and obesity index between patients silent lacunar infarction(n=62) and normal controls(n=72). The analysis of the data was done by Frequency Analysis, two sample t-test, Chi-square Test. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in patients of silent lacunar infarctions. Body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage, obesity ratio, metabolic syndrome were higher significantly in patients of silent lacunar infarctions than normal controls. Although statistically insignificant, waist circumference showed relatively higher in patients of silent lacunar infarction. This result emphasizes the importance of managing that hypertension, diabetes, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage, obesity ratio, metabolic syndrome in silent lacunar infarction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.759-770
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of weight control by use of commercial formula diet and nutrition education on 36 obese women over a period of 6 months. During the study it motivated ways for women to control their weight and improve their health, thus analyzing variables that influence weight control. To help weight control, for the first 3 weeks, along with 1 regular mea, 2-3 liquid formula diets of 135㎉ per pack a day were provided within the 1,200-800㎉ range. For 6 months since then, all 3 meals were taken regularly and it was recommended that energy which is 500㎉ less than energy requirement be taken. To evaluate the effect of weight change by the weight control program, anthropometric measurements, biochemicl parameter, and food behavior are measured. The mean body mass index(BMI) was 30.1$\pm$3.8(25.0-43.6) and it was in the upper 5 percentile of the mean BMI of Korean women. The percent of body fat was significantly reduced from 29.1$\pm$2.4 to 26.4$\pm$2.3, showing that the weight control program induced not only a change in weight but also a change in body composition. The body circumference such as waist and hip circumference and skinfold thickness measurements of biceps, triceps, subscapular and surprailiac were reduced significantly, but the mean waist-to-hip ratio didn't change. Singnificantly improved food behavior score measured by the questionnaire indicated that the weight-contorl program induced the change of the food behavior, as well. Weight loss also induced biochemical parameters of the subject, thus total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, and triglycerol which were in the high range of the normal values were reduced to 20.2%(p<0.01), 22.2%(p<0.01), 25.8%(p<0.01), repectively. HDL-cholesterol didn't change significantly, but the ratio of HDL to total cholesterol increased(p<0.01).

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.826-837
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• 2007

Gallstone composition has changed over the past decades in the Korean with a prominent increase in the prevalence of cholesterol gallstone. This trend is possibly due to the westernization of dietary habits. The purpose of this study was descriptive of GB patient's health related eating behaviors and nutrient consumption patterns. One hundred and six gallstone patients who have had cholecystitis surgery enrolled in this study. Anthropomertic indices, such as height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured and calculated BMI and WHR. As the biomarker, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG level and SBP/DBP were measured and analyzed the relationship with GB stone formation. The structured checklist of health related eating behavior and the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire after pre-test was used in the face to face interview study. The mean age was $54.9{\pm}13.3$ and gallstone disease was more frequent in the fifties and sixties. Mean BMI was $24.3{\pm}2.8$ in males, and $23.4{\pm}3.9$ in females, the average of waist circumference was $91.1{\pm}7.0cm$ in males and females were $85.4{\pm}9.6cm$. The WHR of men and women was $0.93{\pm}0.0,\;0.90{\pm}0.1$, respectively. The obesity and overweight trend was observed in gallstone patients. The mean blood sugar was researched at $114.5{\pm}35.0mg/dL$. And the ratio of both symptoms DM and gallstone was 26.4%. The rate of dramatic eating repast was significantly higher in the females (p<0.01). Males tended to more frequently consume meat, of high fat content meats and greasy food consumption when eating out. The CPF ratio was 57:16.5:26.5. There was a significant positive correlation between WC and energy (r=0.252, p<0.05), carbohydrate (r=0.255, p<0.05) and niacin (r=0.227, p<0.05). In addition, carbohydrate were significantly correlatied with TC (r=0.230, p<0.05). BMI appeared positive in correlation of protein (r=0.201, p<0.05) and fat (r=0.205, p<0.05). These findings provide a little association that dietary habits are related with cholesterol gallstone formation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.160-164
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• 2009

Objectives : The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between past smoking and the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Methods : From January 2007 to December 2007, a total of 3,916 over thirty years old male health screen examinees were divided into the nonsmoking, smoking, ex-smoking groups. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was based on the criteria of the NCEP ATP III(Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program). Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of three or more of the following: a blood pressure $\geq$ 130/85 mmHg, a fasting glucose level $\geq$ 110 mg/dL, a HDL-C (High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) level < 40 mg/dL, a triglyceride level $\geq$ 150 mg/dL and, a waist circumference men $\geq$ 102 cm, but a waist to hip ratio > 0.90 was used as a surrogate for the waist circumference. Results : After adjustment for age, alcohol consumption and, exercise in the smokers, for the ex-smokers compared with the nonsmokers, the odds ratio (OR) of a lower HDL cholesterol level (<40 mg/dL) was 1.29 (95% CI=1.03-1.61) in the smokers, the ORs of a higher triglyceride level were 1.35 (95% CI=1.09-1.66) in the ex-smokers and, 2.12 (95% CI=1.75-2.57) in the smokers, and the OR of a waist to hip ratio was 1.25 (95% CI=1.03-1.52) in the ex-smokers. When there were over three components of metabolic syndrome in the ex-smokers and smokers as compared with the nonsmokers, the odds ratio against the risk of metabolic syndrome were 2.39 (95% CI=1.00-6.63) and 2.37 (95% CI=1.02-6.46), respectively. Conclusions : The present study suggested that there is an association of smoking with metabolic syndrome in men.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2017

A new body adiposity index (BAI) has been proposed that is expected to replace body mass index (BMI). We evaluated the correlations between metabolic syndrome risk factors and BAI, BMI, and other adiposity indices, such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), by sex in the Korean population. We also evaluated whether BAI would be useful to diagnose metabolic syndrome. A total of 20,961 Korean adults who underwent health examinations were included in this study. The metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria used in this study were those set by the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI). In men (12,719), BMI and WHtR were more strongly correlated to metabolic syndrome risk than BAI, and in women (8,242), WHtR showed the strongest association with metabolic syndrome risk. BAI (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.678) presented lower discriminatory capacity than that of BMI (AUC = 0.836) for diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Moreover, BAI underestimated fat levels in men and women when considering the ability to discriminate overweight and obese individuals. In conclusion, WHtR and BMI in men, and WHtR in women may be better candidates than BAI to evaluate metabolic risk factors in Korean adults.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2006

Object : Waist circumference(WC), waist-hip ratio(WHR), waist-stature ratio(WSR), and body mass index(BMI) are commonly used for evaluating obesity. This Research were done to determine what is more sensitive obesity indexes(WC, WHR, WSR, BMI) Correlated with body composition such as body fat mass, body fat(%), visceral fat area, and fat free mass. And what is more sensitively correlated obesity indexes with % changes of body composition during weight reduction treatment. Methods : This clinical retrospective research were carried out 127 cases of female obese outpatients with weight reduction treatment during 1 month. Bioelectrical impedence analysis(for body composition) and body size(for anthropometric obesity indexes) were estimated in pre-treatment and post-treatment to evaluate the obesity indexes. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to select useful obesity index. Result & Conclusion : BMI is useful index for diagnosis and evaluation of obesity. WSR is sensitively correlated with visceral fat area and body fat(%). So, WSR is useful index for evaluating abdominal obesity and risk factors of metabolic syndrome. WC is correlated with both body fat mass and fat free mass. WHR is not optimal for diagnosis and evaluation of obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 1998

This study was intended to figure out the difference of the blood lipids, insulin and nutrients intake by fat distribution among the obese young male in Korean. Twenty-eight male college students participated in this study, whose to find out body fat distributions were classified on the basis of Waist /hip ratio (WHR) into three groups-upper body type (UBTM), intermediate body type(IBTM) and lower body type (LBTM). To conduct this study, anthropometric measurements , blood pressure, serum lipids and insulin levels, and daily nutrients intake were analized . The results are as follows : The three body type groups showed significant differences each other in waist circumference(p<0.05), WTR(p<0.001) and body fat percentage (p<0.05). Also they showed significant difference each other in the daily construction in the daily energy intake. But they did not show significant differences in the blood pressure, serum lipids and insulin levels. From the above results, we could concluded that the body fat distribution in obese the young men could affect nutrients intake pattern.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.169-183
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• 2008

In this study, we measured body mass index, visceral fat ratio and 6 parts of body, neck circumference, circumference of upper arm, chest circumference, abdomen circumference, hip circumference, and thigh circumference by bioimpedence analysis system, after taking Gyeongshingangjeehwan16 (GGEx16) in five months except the first period before taking GGEx16 on 49 women who are obesity or high-level obesity. In order to examine the significance test for the effect of obesity improvement of GGEx16, we practices repeated measure ANOVA with values of measurement variables in 6 monthly times. As a result of all measurement variables, there were significant difference (P-value=0.001). Therefore, we can say that GGEx16 is effective about obesity improvement. As it dramatically decreased between second measure period and first measure period for all measure variables, we can see that there were the most effect of GGEx16 in the first time after taking GGEx16. It is known that a important measurement variable to have a effect for obesity improvement about two variable which are body mass index and visceral fat ratio is waist circumference through correlation analysis. The result of whether there are differences to effect of obesity improvement for GGEx16 around the climacteric, there were significant difference for the effect of obesity improvement for GGEx16 around the climacteric about all parts of body (P-value=0.001). There were also powerfully difference in effect of obesity improvement for GGEx16 around the climacteric about all parts of body (P-value=0.001). Especially, the climacteric before is more effective than the climacteric after in the aspect of the effect of GGEx16.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2005

Zinc is known to have important effects on insulin activity and to increase the body fat deposition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the zinc status and obesity in 50 type 2 diabetic women visiting public health center and hospital. The mean age was 57.9 $\pm$ 6.9 years old. The mean of diabetic duration was 8.0 $\pm$ 6.5 years. Body mass index (BMI) of diabetes was $23.2 \pm 2.3 kg/m^2$. There were no significant differences of mean age, anthropometric indices, and insulin level other than fasting blood sugar (p < 0.001) and insulin resistance (p < 0.00l) between diabetes and control group. The obesity ratio of diabetes was $20\%$, $66\%$ and $84\%$ for BMI, waist circumference and waist/hip ratio (WHR), respectively. Plasma zinc level was not significantly different between diabetes and control group. However, urinary zinc excretion of diabetes was approximately twice of control group (p < 0.001). Urinary zinc loss was fivefold higher in the hyperglycemia ($HbA_{lc}> 10\%$) than in normal blood glucose (p < 0.001). Anthropometric indices were decreased in hyperglycemia. On the other hand, there were the tendency of increased urinary zinc in obese group for waist circumference and percent of body fat. These results suggested that controlled normal blood glucose could improve hyperzincuria and anthropometric changes in type 2 women diabeties.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.727-733
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• 2011

This study was performed to examine the relationship between the body mass index (BMI), the body fat, and the serum lipids of post-menopausal women in rural areas. The subjects were 510 women aged 50 and over. As a result of this study, we found a trend of decreasing BMI as age increased, but body fat increased. In addition, there was a significant decreasing of the lean body mass than an increasing of the body mass index according to increasing age. Therefore, this study confirmed that a main cause of rural women being classified as obese is a decrease in lean body mass, rather than an increase in of body fat. Of all subjects, 36.3% ($18.5{\leq}BMI$ < 23) of all subjects were classified as having normal BMI, whereas only 21.4% were classified as having normal body fat. Out of 190 subjects who were body fat 30% and over, 38 subjects were classified as obese ($BMI{\geq}25$) and 113 subjects were classified as overweight ($23{\leq}BMI$ < 25). The percentile of those with a BMI of $25kg/m^2$ was 70, and they had 30.82% body fat. HDL cholesterol showed a negative correlation with anthropometric factors (height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, body fat), and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides showed a positive correlation. Especially, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and hip circumference showed significant correlations. Because of differences in the body fat and lean body mass by age group, it seems difficult to assess obesity via BMI only. The elderly especially should have a higher significance placed on body fat or abdominal fat than only BMI.