• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2008

목 적: 방사선치료계획에 있어서 정상조직과 치료부위의 선량 분포는 매우 중요하다. 이에 본원에서는 유방암 환자를 대상으로 Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), Helical tomotherapy (TOMO)의 방법으로 방사선치료계획을 세웠으며 이에 선량분포를 분석하여 실제 임상에서의 적용여부를 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 20명의(좌측: 10명, 우측: 10명) 유방보존절제술 환자를 대상으로 시행하였으며 방법으로는 같은 조건에서 3D-CRT는 Philips사의 Pinnacle을, TOMO는 TomoTherapy사의 TOMO Planning System을 이용해 치료계획을 세웠다. Dose-Volume Histogram (DVH)의 prescribed dose (PD)에 대한 PTV의 Homogeneity index (HI)와 Conformity index (CI)를 구하였고, 정상조직의 dose- volume 관계를 비교하였다. 결 과: Homogeneity index (HI)와 Conformity, index (CI)는 TOMO에서 우수한 결과를 나타났다. $V_{-50-IB-NPTV}$ (the percentage ipsilateral non-PTV breast volume that was delivered 50% of the prescribed dose)는 3D-CRT: 40.4%, TOMO: 18.3%, $V_{20-IL}$ (the average ipsilateral lung volume percentage receiving 20% of the prescribed dose)는 3D-CRT: 4.8%, TOMO: 14.2%, $V_{20-10H}$ (the average heart volume percentage delivered 20% and 10% of the prescribed dose in left breast cancer)는 3D-CRT: 1.6%, 3% TOMO: 9.7%, 26.3%의 결과를 보여준다. 결 론: 유방암 환자의 방사선치료계획 방법들은 PTV에서 원하는 선량분포를 보여줬다. 그러나 TOMO는 좋은 Homogeneity index (HI), Conformity index (CI)와 Breast를 보호하는 장점이 있는 반면에 Lung과 Heart에서는 많은 피폭선량이 있음을 알 수 있기에 TOMO의 방사선치료계획시 주의해야 할 점으로 사료된다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.272-284
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to provide basic informations for the encouragements of premature infants' breast feeding. Method: From August 10 to October 9, 2002, we have carried out a statical research which surveyed 148 mothers of premature infants registered in NICU. The sample had generated cluster-randomly from 25 General Hospitals, all over the Korea peninsula and being surveyed with 74 questionnaires. Result: Mean hospitalized day of premature infants was 27.9 days. The mean total feeding period was 19.1 days and continuous breast feeding period 12.4days. They were interested in breast feeding education-they answered that they would join the breast feeding education if they were given the chance 87.8％. There was significant relation between babies fed only breast milk and the body weight of birth(p<.05). The reasons why mother gave the baby her breast milk include 'for her baby's health' and 'people said breast milk is good for babies' with a portion of 99％. The main reason why mothers could not execute breast feeding was 'the deficit of breast milk volume' 50.0％ and other reason were 'because of start to support more nutritions '18.2％, 'difficulty to carry out the breast milk to hospital'13.6％. The reasen why mothers could not try breast feeding at first were 'deficit of breast milk volume'37.0％, 'not to be prepared for breast feeding because of unexpected delivery'32.6％. Conclusion: We need a program to inform importance and excellent of the breast feeding and a plan to increase the premature infants' breast feeding through the importation of fortifier.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.857-863
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate zinc and copper intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants. We measured consumed volume and the minerals concentrations of human milk from thirty three lactating women and their infants during the first 5 months of lactation , Zinc concentrations of human milk showed 0.394, 0.290, 0.191, 0.147 and 0.139mg/100g at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation respectively. Copper concentrations in the milk showed 61.04, 45.97, 37.15, 3.94, 26.22 and 26.21$\mu\textrm{g}$/100g respectively. Consumed volume of the milk of infants were 515, 650, 718, 731, 746 and 769g/day. There is significant difference between boys and girls in consumed volume of the milk at 2, 3 and 4 months of lactation. Zinc intakes of breast-fed infants declined(p<0.05) from 2.13mg/day at 0.5 months to 1.21mg/day at 3 months with no change thereafter significantly. Copper intakes of the infants declined(p<0.05) from 323.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 0.5 months to 238.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 3 months with no change thereafter. Form this survey, the reevaluation of zinc and copper intakes and recommended dietary allowance of those minerals during infancy are merited. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 857-863, 2000)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1433-1439
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the vitamin A intake of exclusively breast-fed infants and to compare the value with the Recommended Dietary Allollwances(BDA) for Korean infants. We examined retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene contents of breast milk in 32 lactating women by HPLC analysis and also the consumed volume of the milk of their infants by the test-weighing method during the first 5 months of lactation. Total vitamin A contents of the milk shelved 67.3, 56.5, 51.2, 45.2, 39.0 and 34.lR.E./100m1 at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation respectively. Vitamin A intake of breast-fed infants were 320, 371, 368, 325, 292 and 251R.E/day during the five-month nursing period. Vitamin A intake per body weight of breast-fed infants was measured at 86.4, 79.8, 63.6, 49.1, 40.0 and 31.9R.E/kg/day. Body weight gain of infants was not affected by the vitamin A intake from the milk during the lactation. We conclude that breast-fed infants most likely receives vitamin A from the milk adequately compared with the RDA for Korean infants. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1433-1439, 1998)

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.583-589
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• 2021

Background In prosthesis-based breast reconstruction patients, the drain tends to be kept in place longer than in patients who undergo only mastectomy. Postoperative arm exercise also increases the drainage volume. However, to preserve shoulder function, early exercise is recommended. In this study, we investigated the effect of early exercise on the total drainage volume and drain duration in these patients. Methods We designed a prospective randomized trial involving 56 patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy using tissue expanders. In each group, the patients were randomized either to perform early arm exercises using specific shoulder movement guidelines 2 days after surgery or to restrict arm movement above the shoulder height until drain removal. The drain duration and the total amount of drainage were the primary endpoints. Results There were no significant differences in age, height, weight, body mass index, or mastectomy specimen weight between the two groups. The total amount of drainage was 1,497 mL in the early exercise group and 1,336 mL in the exercise restriction group. The duration until complete removal of the drains was 19.71 days in the early exercise group and 17.11 days in the exercise restriction group. Conclusions Exercise restriction after breast reconstruction did not lead to a significant difference in the drainage volume or the average time until drain removal. Thus, early exercise is recommended for improved shoulder mobility postoperatively. More long-term studies are needed to determine the effect of early exercise on shoulder mobility in prosthesis-based breast reconstruction patients.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2006

목 적: 유방암 방사선치료 시 유방(breast), 흉벽(chest wall, 국부적 임파관(loco-regional lymphatics) 등에 적정한 선량을 조사하기 위하여 다양한 치료계획이 이루어지고 있는데 이에 따른 선량분포를 정성적, 정량적으로 분석하여 최적의 방사선치료계획 기법을 고찰해 보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 최적의 유방암 방사선치료계획 기법을 평가하기 위해 기존의 전통적인 방법(2D)과 전산화단층촬영 영상에서 각각 유방체적을 설정하여 3차원적으로 접근하는 방법인 입체조형치료방법(3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, 3DCRT)과 강도조절방사선치료 방법(intensity modulated radiotherapy, IMRT)을 비교하였다. 이를 위해 인체팬텀에 유방(breast), 흉벽(chest wall, 국부적 임파관(loco-regional lymphatics), 폐(lung) 등의 관심영역을 정하여 표지한 후 전산화단층촬영(Volume, Siemens, USA)을 시행하였다. 획득한 전산화단층촬영영상을 이용하여 입체조형치료방법과 강도조절방사선치료 방법을 적용하여 방사선치료계획(XiO 5.2.1, FOCUS, USA)을 수립하였고, 이는 기존의 전통적인 방법과 비교하였다. 비교, 분석은 방사선치료계획기법(2D, 3DCRT, IMRT)에 따른 방사선량분포와 선량-체적 간 히스토그람(dose-volume histogram, DVH) 및 관심영역의 점 선량 등을 분석하여 시행하였고, 또한 시간-노동력에 따른 치료효율성에 대해서도 평가하였다. 결 과: 유방체적을 설정하여 3차원 방사선치료계획 기법을 사용한 경우가 기존의 전통적인 방법에 비해 종양 설정과 빔 방향 및 조사면 경계 확인 등에 유용하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결 론: 유방암 방사선치료 시 방사선치료계획 기법에 따른 정성적, 정량적 분석을 통해 최적의 방사선치료계획 기법을 제시할 수 있었다. 그러나 3차원 방사선치료계획 시 치료계획종양용적(planning target volume, PTV) 설정과 유방 고정의 어려움에 따른 환자자세 재현성에 대한 문제를 알 수 있어 이에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것이라 사료된다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.72-86
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• 2022

Volume-up pads are the most common and easiest way to make women with small breasts beautiful. In this study, to develop a volume-up brassiere pad with excellent wearing effects and appearance, 24 different types of volume-up pads commercially available in the online market were investigated and then 11 types were purchased. Among these eleven types, four pads (PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, PAD4) with distinct shapes and materials were selected through a pre-test. They were compared to the newly developed pad for research (PAD5). The results of the study follow. The results of evaluating appearance when wearing the developed pad (PAD5) were significantly higher than that of other pads, and the appearance evaluation score for the full-cup type pad was excellent. In the wearing satisfaction evaluation result, PAD5 showed generally excellent evaluation scores, and in the case of the touch, preference for the fabric material was higher than that of the silicon pad. In the evaluation of motion adaptability, the developed PAD5 showed generally excellent evaluation scores in all movements, indicating that the full-cup type pads had better motion adaptability than the partial-type pads.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.45-58
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to provide for the basic data useful to the development of a quality bassiere featuring a good wearing feeling, to investigate the characteristics of breast shapes by age and suggest a brassiere sizing system for woman. For this purpose, the subjects of anthropometry were 220 women aged between 20 and 59. The anthropometric measurements were analyzed by various statistical methods mean, standard deviation, F-test, Duncan-test, Factor analysis, frequency. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. According to the increase of age, the items of height were decreased and items of width, depth, circumference and length were increased, being obeser and breast point were drooped. So volume and bottom area of breast of 40 50's women were larger than 20 30's women and breast point width of 40 50's women was being wider by increase of the interior of breast. 2. From analyzing the effect of brassiere wearing, it was found that brassiere reformed the breast shape with the breast volume transferred from exterior part to interior part and the bottom area of breast diminished, so brassiere can have the breast location of adult woman up and the breast point width being centered 3. It was found that there was no direct linear relationships between under bust girth and cup size from analysis of breast measurements. Therefore those 2 factors(under bust girth and cup size) was brought into basic item of brassiere sizing system. From the dual distribution table whose intervals had been decided by KS K-0070(1999), it was picked out 12 sizes which had more than 4% of appearance for suggesting brassiere size chart. The sizing system covers 76.36% of all subjects and supply reference measurements relevant to brassiere manufacturing.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2020

20대 미혼 여성 182명의 직접 계측치를 이용한 유방유형 분류에 유방전체 형상 요인, 유방상부내측형상 요인, 유방볼륨 요인, 유방하부외측형상 요인 등 4가지 요인이 추출되었다. 군집분석을 통해 '상부발달 유방', '밋밋한 유방', '하부 발달 유방', '돌출한 유방' 등 4유형의 유방유형으로 분류하였다. 유방유형은 목앞점~젖꼭지점길이, 목옆점~젖꼭지점길이, 유방안쪽점 사이간격, 젖꼭지 간격, 유방아래직경, 유방내측깊이, 유방바깥쪽길이, 유방아래길이, 젖가슴가쪽점~젖가슴위쪽점길이, 젖가슴 밑 윤곽선길이 등 10개 항목으로 판별 가능하다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2010

목 적: 유방암 치료를 위한 방사선치료계획에 전산화단층촬영을 이용한 모의치료가 널리 이용되고 있다. 이는 환자 개개인의 해부학적 특징에 기반하여 종양 표적과 정상 조직을 정의할 수 있다. 본 연구는 일반적으로 유방 크기가 작은 한국인 유방암 환자에서 적용하는 방사선치료계획 방법에 따라 치료용적 및 치료범위에 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위해 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2008년 11월부터 2009년 1월까지 조기유방암으로 유방보존술을 시행 받은 25명의 환자를 대상으로 통상적인 접면조사의 이차원치료 계획과 전산화단층촬영을 기반으로 한 삼차원치료계획을 시행하였다. 이차원 치료계획에서 방사선조사영역의 경계는 유방실질을 촉지하여 결정하였고 위쪽으로는 쇄골의 바로 아래, 내측은 몸의 정중선, 외측은 중심 액와선 그리고 아래쪽은 유방밑주름에서 2 cm 아래에 표시하였다. 삼차원치료계획에서 임상표적체적은 모든 유선 조직을 포함하였고 계획용 표적체적은 임상표적체적에서 피부 쪽을 제외한 모든 방향으로 1 cm의 여유를 두어 결정하였다. 이차원과 삼차원치료계획 간의 조사영역의 경계 차이 및 동등조사영역의 차이를 확인하고 신체질량지수, 폐경 여부 및 유방크기의 관련성을 평가하였다. 그리고 선량분포로 지정한 유방조사량과 삼차원 선량분포에 기반하여 측정된 조사된 폐용적과 심장용적을 평가하였다. 결 과: 2명의 환자를 제외하고 계획용표적체적(PTV)은 삼차원치료계획이 이차원치료계획보다 모든 방향에서 표시한 방사선조사영역을 감소시켰고 위쪽 경계에서 그 차이값이 가장 컸다. 동등조사영역크기는 한 명을 제외하고 삼차원치료계획에서 이차원치료계획에서보다 작았으며(평균 0.9 cm), 신체질량지수, 폐경 여부 및 유방크기(브래지어 사이즈)와의 관련성은 보이지 않았다. 조사된 폐용적은 삼차원치료계획에서 유의하게 감소하였고, 심장용적 또한 감소하였지만 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 결 론: 통상적인 치료계획과 비교하여 전산화단층촬영을 기반으로 한 삼차원치료계획이 작은 유방을 가진 환자에서 방사선조사영역 및 손상위험장기의 조사량을 줄이면서 수술 후 변화를 포함하여 더 정확한 종양치료가 가능할 수 있음을 보여주었다. 그러나 앞으로 임상표적체적의 정의에 대한 추가적인 연구 및 일반적인 합의가 필요하다.