• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.3
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• pp.391-396
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• 2010

To analyze the characteristics of canopy fuel in Pinus densiflora stand, which is essential to assess the crown fire hazard, allometric equations for estimation of crown fuel biomass were developed by subjectively categorized crown fuel component and crown bulk density was analyzed by available fuel component categories. Ten trees were destructively sampled at Pinus densiflora stand in Mt. Palgong in Daegu and their crown fuels were weighed separately for each fuel category by size classes and by living and dead. Regression equations that estimate crown fuel load by diameter at breast height(D) or additional total height(H) were derived. The adjusted coefficient of determination values were the highest (${R^2}_{adj}$=0.835-0.996) and standard error of estimate were the lowest (SEE=0.074-0.638) in the allometric equation lnWt=${\alpha}+{\beta}lnD+{\gamma}lnH$ in average. However, in needles and small branches categories, the differences in ${R^2}_{adj}$ and SEE between equations were not significant. Crown bulk density (CBD), which was calculated by crown fuel load divided by crown volume, was 0.067 kg/$m^3$ in average when only needles were considered as available crown fuel and 0.097 kg/$m^3$ when needles and branches (0-0.5 cm diameter) were considered. The increments of CBD of needles and small branches were little even when diameter at breast height increased.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.349-356
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• 2019

This study examines the effect of thinning in terms of changes in the growth characteristics of Chamaecyparis obtusa stands after they were thinned with varying intensity in Gochang, North Jeolla Province, Korea. Thinning was carried out in 2000 on Chamaecyparis obtusa stands (22 years old), and the stands were categorized in terms of the thinning intensity in the experiment: very heavy, heavy, medium, light, and control. The results of monitoring up to 2018 revealed that the diameter at breast height and the growth rate of individual trees after thinning had a positive correlation with the thinning intensity, whereas the stand volume showed a negative correlation. The height to diameter (H/D) ratio decreased by up to 70-80 due to the increased diameter at breast height after thinning and thereby resulted in better quality. The relative yield index right after the first thinning was between 0.75 and 0.95, which suggests the best timing for the first thinning had been missed. This study's findings are expected to serve as a basic reference in establishing the thinning system for Chamaecyparis obtusa forests.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2015

Objective : To investigate the efficacy and safety of fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for large brain metastases (BMs). Methods : Between June 2011 and December 2013, a total of 38 large BMs >3.0 cm in 37 patients were treated with fractionated Cyberknife radiosurgery. These patients comprised 16 men (43.2%) and 21 women, with a median age of 60 years (range, 38-75 years). BMs originated from the lung (n=19, 51.4%), the gastrointestinal tract (n=10, 27.0%), the breast (n=5, 13.5%), and other tissues (n=3, 8.1%). The median tumor volume was 17.6 cc (range, 9.4-49.6 cc). For Cyberknife treatment, a median peripheral dose of 35 Gy (range, 30-41 Gy) was delivered in 3 to 5 fractions. Results : With a median follow-up of 10 months (range, 1-37 months), the crude local tumor control (LTC) rate was 86.8% and the estimated LTC rates at 12 and 24 months were 87.0% and 65.2%, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 16 and 11 months, respectively. The estimated OS and PFS rates at 6, 12, and 18 months were 81.1% and 65.5%, 56.8% and 44.9%, and 40.7% and 25.7%, respectively. Patient performance status and preoperative focal neurologic deficits improved in 20 of 35 (57.1%) and 12 of 17 patients (70.6%), respectively. Radiation necrosis with a toxicity grade of 2 or 3 occurred in 6 lesions (15.8%). Conclusion : These results suggest a promising role of fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery in treating large BMs in terms of both efficacy and safety.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.806-810
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• 2009

Purpose: Gynecomastia is an abnormal increase in the volume of the male breast. Subcutaneous mastectomy was the first surgical treatment for gynecomastia. But because of the complications such as nerve injury and scar formation, subcutaneous mastectomy has been substituted with liposuction. Recently various techniques including ultrasound - assisted liposuction has been used for treatment of gynecomastia. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) for treatment of gynecomastia. Methods: 17 patients, 33 breasts of gynecomastia, Simon grade I or II have been treated with XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver). The mean age was 24.5. The subcutaneous tissue and glandular tissue were removed with XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver). The operation time, the weight of removed tissue and patients' satisfaction score were accessed. Results: The mean operation time was 78.2 minutes. The mean weight of removed tissue was 113.8 g. There was no significant complications such as necrosis, hematoma, infection or scar contracture. Patients' satisfactory score of scar, shape and confidence were 8.4, 8.2 and 8.4 respectively. As the average score was 8.3, almost patients were satisfied with their breasts. Conclusion: The authors have treated 17 patients suffering from gynecomastia with XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver). We obtained short operation time, early recovery, minimal operative scar and less complications with XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) for the treatment of gynecomastia, and patients were satisfied with the results of our method. We concluded XPS$^{(R)}$ microresector(Shaver) is an alternative option for the treatment of gynecomastia.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 1987

With the introduction of X-rays of higher energy that have higher penetrability, it has become possible to treat the deep-seated tumor with increased local control rate. But at the same time it has incrased the damage to the deep seated organs, especially to the lung which is known to be the less radiotolerable tissue in the body. This study analyses the 66 patients who were exposed to the irradiation of the lung, and examines the development of radiation pneumonitis and its related factors. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1, The 66 patients were consisted of 40 cases of lung cancer, 15 cases of breast cancer and 11 cases of mediastinal tumors. There were 37 males and 29 females with the male to female ratio 1.3: 1. A male to female ratio in the lung cancer was 3: 1. 2. Among 66 patients, 26 patients $(39\%)$ developed the radiographical changes of acute radiation pneumonitis and 13 out of 26 patients $(50\%)$ showed the clinical features of acute radiation pneumonitis. 3. The onest of acute radiation pneumonitis ranged from 10 days to 6 months after the completion of radiotherapy. 4. There was a statistically significant close relationship between the development of radiation pneumonitis and the radiation dose. 5. As the irradiated lung volume increased, the development of radiation pneumonitis increased. But the statistical significance was not strong. 6. The increased incidence of radiation pneumonitis was observed when the chemotherapy was given before or concomittantly with radiotherapy. 7 There was no significant correlation between the development of radiation pneumonitis and the age, smoking and the presence of underlying lung disease.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.553-558
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• 2017

Paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the most frequently used anticancer agent for treating refractory ovarian cancer, metastatic breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. However, its oral administration is impeded by very low bioavailability (<5%) due to the P-glycopprotein (P-gp) efflux pump effect. This study investigated in vitro and in vivo P-gp inhibitory effects of adamantyl derivatives AC-603 and AC-786 in rats. Two adamantyl derivatives tested in this study increased the cytotoxicity of daunomycin (DNM) in P-gp overexpressed cell line by inhibiting P-gp efflux function. Pharmacokinetics of PTX with orally co-administered P-gp inhibitors were assessed in rats to improve PTX absorption. The pharmacokinetic parameters of PTX were determined in rats after intravenous (2 mg/kg) or oral (25 mg/kg) administration in the presence or absence of verapamil (a positive control), AC-603 or AC-786 (0.5 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg). Compared to control group (PTX alone), experimental groups (PTX with AC-603 or AC-786) significantly increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of PTX following oral administration by 1.7-2.2 fold. The volume of distribution and total clearance of PTX were decreased, while other parameters were not significantly changed. In conclusion, co-administration of AC-603 or AC-786 enhanced the relative bioavailability of orally administered PTX as compared to control.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2008

Estimates of genetic gain (in volume growth) and diversity (expressed as status number, $N_s$) were determined in a clonal seed orchard of Pinus koraiensis. The genetic thinning was based on clonal breeding values (represented by general combining ability) obtained from progeny tests, clonal fertility estimated by strobilus production, and clonal size variation determined by the ramet numbers per clone. Parental GCA values for volume growth were calculated, based on height and diameter at breast height measured from field trials. Clonal fertility was estimated from the assessments of strobilus production over twelve years from 1991 to 2003, and used for the calculation of status number. There are 179 clones and 5,268 ramets in 12ha area of P. koraiensis clonal seed orchard. Genetic gain and diversity estimates were determined under assumptions of 30% pollen contamination and inferior genetic value of contaminating pollen. Genetic gain increased as thinning rates were set from 10% to 60%. However, for the higher thinning intensities, the increase of genetic gain was not remarkable. Genetic thinning by means of truncation selection resulted in a greater genetic gain but a large decrease in status number. Status number was represented around 40 clones for 10% through 60% thinning intensities, but for the higher thinning intensities, it was a bit fluctuated. Based on the present results, it could be concluded that thinning rate should not be stronger than 60% to optimize genetic gain while conserving genetic diversity. Consequently 50% or 60% thinning rate might be appropriate for genetic thinning in the clonal seed orchard of P. koraiensis. The effect of pollen contamination on the genetic gain and the consequence of genetic thinning for seed production in the clonal seed orchard, and seed orchard management scheme were also discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2651-2654
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• 2014

Background: Lung cancer (LC) is still the primary cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and late diagnosis is a major obstacle to improving lung cancer outcomes. Recently, elevated preoperative or pretreatment neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) detected in peripheral blood were identified as independent prognostic factors associated with poor survival with various cancers, including colon cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and breast cancer. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether MPV, NLR and PLR could be useful inflammatory markers to differentiate lung cancer patients from healthy controls. An investigation was also made of the relationship between these markers and other prognostic factors and histopathological subgroups. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively eighty-one lung cancer patients and 81 age-sexes matched healthy subjects included into the study. Patients with hypertension, hematological and renal disease, heart failure, chronic infection, hepatic disorder and other cancer were excluded from the study. The preoperative or pretreatment blood count data was obtained from the recorded computerized database. Results: NLR and PLR values were significantly higher in the LC patients compared to the healthy subjects.( NLR: 4.42 vs 2.45 p=0.001, PLR: 245.1 vs 148.2 p=0.002) MPV values were similar in both groups (7.7 vs 7.8). No statistically significant relationship was determined between these markers (MPV, NLR and PLR) and histopathological subgroups and TNM stages. Conclusions: NLR and PLR can be useful biomarkers in LC patients before treatment. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.358-363
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• 2008

Objective : This study was performed to assess the efficacy of GKS in patients with ten or more brain metastases. Methods : From Aug 2002 to Dec 2007, twenty-six patients (13 men and 13 women) with ten or more cerebral metastatic lesions underwent GKS. The mean age was 55 years (32-80). All patients had Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score of 70 or better. According to recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classification, 3 patients belonged to class I and 23 to class II. The location of primary tumor was lung (21), breast (3) and unknown (2). The mean number of the lesions per patient was 16.6 (10-37). The mean cumulated volume was 10.9 cc (1.0-42.2). The median marginal dose was 15 Gy (9-23). Overall survival and the prognostic factors for the survival were retrospectively analyzed by using Kaplan Meier method and univariate analysis. Results : Overall median survival from GKS was 34 weeks (8-199). Local control was possible for 79.5% of the lesions and control of all the lesions was possible in at least 14 patients (53.8%) until 6 months after GKS. New lesions appeared in 7 (26.9%) patients during the same period. At the last follow-up, 18 patients died; 6 (33.3%) from systemic causes, 10 (55.6%) from neurological causes, and 2 (11.1 %) from unknown causes. Synchronous onset in non-small cell lung cancer (p=0.007), high KPS score (${\geq}80$, p=0.029), and controlled primary disease (p=0.020) were favorable prognostic factors in univariate analysis. Conclusion : In carefully selected patients, GKS may be a treatment option for ten or more brain metastases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.8
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• pp.46-60
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• 2016

Countries have different brassiere patterns, and this study produced and compared 3/4 brassiere patterns from different countries to determine the difference in patterns, and to investigate the stress distribution and shape of cross section while wearing brassieres using 3D virtual fitting system. Despite the growing interest in underwear, there is a lack of related books and research on brassiere patterns, which causes the difference in sizes and pattern drafting methods by countries. Thus, research on this is needed. 3D virtual fitting system has been introduced to compare patterns, thereby improving visible effects and reducing the loss in cost caused by underwear pattern fitting test. According to the result of pattern analysis, The Secoli type exhibited the least breast cover rate (14.9 cm), while the largest cover rate was shown in Christina and ESMOD types (17.7 cm). It is believed that the difference in pattern drafting causes the difference in the total length of a brassiere. Furthermore, the Secoli, Moda Burgo, and ESMOD brassieres drafted from basic bodice pattern were found to be longer than the Christina and Han Sunmi brassieres attained from direct pattern drafting. Moreover, the darts' volume of upper and lower cups in Christina and Han Sunmi types was similar in shape. The shapes of cradle drafted from basic bodice pattern were a straight line, while those from direct drafting formed a curved shape. In fitting multiple cross sections, the Secoli, Moda Burgo, and ESMOD brassieres had gaps between the brassieres and the body. Among these, the largest number of gaps was observed in the ESMOD type pattern. This study aimed at performing comparative analysis of various brassieres' pattern drafting types as a basic research for developing a brassiere pattern drafting type.