• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1999

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze and compare e acoustic sound structure of vocal major student's singing voice. Materials and Methods : The nineteen vocal major students were the subject group and healthy nineteen females were the control group for this study. The subject group was taken a strobovideolaryngoscopy by the use of flexible nasopharyngoscopy. And acoustic analysis was taken between two groups. Additionally the inquiry on usual voice problems and management was performed by thirty-six vocal major students. Results : The subject group presents many functional voice disorder findings such as AP contraction(44%), phase difference(36%) tremor(25%), posterior gap(17%), hyperadduction of vestibular fold(6%), and anterior gap(3%) on strobovideolaryngoscopy. And the vocal major students did reveal an enhanced number of high frequency harmonic partials when singing compared to the control group in the narrow band spectrum study. But there was no significant difference in jitter, shimmer and noise to harmonic ratio in both groups. Almost all vocal major students present a lot of voice problems in singing such as loss of high note(17%), loss of quiet voice(17%), effortful and tired voice(36%) etc on inquiry. And they always effort to prevent vocal dysfunction by the use of various type of method such as voice rest(28%), hydration(28%), gargling with salt(11%) etc. Conclusions : The vocal major students always take care of maintaining a good voice condition, but a lot of vocal major students revealed abnormal strobovideolaryngoscopic findings and they are absent in the conception of systemic and scientific voice management. Therefore, the young singers need a good voice training and voice therapy Program under the good ralationship of laryngologist and voice training teacher.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.851-861
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• 1998

Korean language is to be characterized by the rich vocal sound variation. In order to increase the probability of vocal sound recognition and to provide a natural vocal sound synthesis, a systematic and thorough research into the characteristics of Korean language including its vocal sound changing rules is required. This paper addresses an effective way of vocal sound recognition and synthesis by providing the design and implementation of the Korean vocal sound variation rule. The regulation we followed for the design of the vocal sound variation rule is the Phonetic Standard(Section 30. Chapter 7) of the Korean Orthographic Standards. We have first factor out rules for each regulations, then grouped them into 27 groups for eaeh final-consonant. The Phonological Change Processing System suggested in the paper provides a fast processing ability for vocal sound variation by a single application of the rule. The contents of the process for information augmented to words or the stem of innected words are included in the rules. We believe that the Phonological Change Processing System will facilitate the vocal sound recognition and synthesis by the sentence. Also, this system may be referred as an example for similar research areas.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 2014

This study measured formant bandwidths of profound hearing impaired children and examined the characteristics of their articulation. For this study, 10 cochlear implanted children(CI), 10 hearing aid children(HA) and 10 normal hearing children(NH) were asked to read 7 Korean vowels(/ɑ, ʌ, o, u, ɯ, i, ɛ/). The subjects' readings were recorded by NasalView and analyzed by Praat. The analysis of the formant bandwidths explains the degree of vocal fold opening and the characteristics of radiation. Through the analysis of formant bandwidth, we can see that the hearing-impaired maintain vocal fold tension when they speak high vowels and characteristics of radiation. Narrower B1 means better maintain vocal fold tension, wider B2 means more front and wider B3 means the rounder lips. CI's B1 was widest and NH's was narrowest. And females' B1 was wider than males'. Among vowels, B1 of /a/ was widest, and B1 of /i/ was narrowest. In the case of B2, HA and NH's B2 was wider than CI's. Females' B2 was wider than males'. And B2 of /i/ was widest, and B2 of /ʌ/ was narrowest. In the case of B3, NH's was widest, and CI's was narrowest. Males' was wider than females'. Among vowels, B3 of /o/ was widest, and B3 of /ɛ/ was narrowest. As a result, first, through the analysis of B1, we can find that NH and males could better maintain vocal fold tension than the hearing-impaired or females, and all children articulate /i/ with vocal fold tension than other vowels. Second, through the analysis of B2, NH and HA articulate vowels with the weaker rounded than CI does. And females articulate vowels with the weaker rounded than males do. Third, through the analysis of B3, NH articulate vowels with the rounder than HA or CI do, and males articulate vowels with the rounder than females do. Through the results, we can expect that the analysis of formant bandwidth will be applied to the therapy of articulation for the hearing-impaired with hearing aids or cochlear implant.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.209-214
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to classify healty persons and Parkinson disease patients from the vocal characteristics of healty persons and the of Parkinson disease patients using Machine Learning algorithms. So, we compared the most widely used algorithms for Machine Learning such as J48 algorithm and REPTree algorithm. In order to evaluate the classification performance of the two algorithms, the results were compared with depending on vocal characteristics. The classification performance of depending on vocal characteristics show 88.72% and 84.62%. The test results showed that the J48 algorithms was superior to REPTree algorithms.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.43-52
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• 2005

The common form of pre-emphasis filter is $H(z)\;=\;1\;- az^{-1}$, where a typically lies between 0.9 and 1.0 in voiced signal. Also, this value reflects the degree of filter and equals R(1)/R(0) in Auto-correlation method. This paper proposes a new flattening algorithm to compensate the weaked high frequency components that occur by vocal cord characteristic. We used interval information of LSP to estimate formant frequency. After obtaining the value of slope and inverse slope using linear interpolation among formant frequency, flattening process is followed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm flattened the weaked high frequency components effectively. That is, we could improve the flattened characteristics by using interval information of LSP as flattening factor at the process that compensates weaked high frequency components.

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.208-209
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• 1998

It is generally known that many cases of pathological rough voice are characterized not by simple random perturbations but by quasi-periodic perturbations in the speech wave. However, there are few studies on the characteristics of perturbations in vocal fold vibrations associated with this type of voice. We have been conducting studies of pathological vocal fold vibration using a high-speed digital image recording system developed by our institute, Compared to the ordinary high-speed-motion picture system, the present system is compact and simple to operate and thus, it suited for pathological data collection. (omitted)

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.85-92
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• 2015

This study aimed to establish characteristics related to voice and speech through the natural base frequency analysis of esophagus vocalization. In the study, 8 subjects were selected for esophagus vocals, and 10 other subjects were selected for a control group. MDVP(Multi-dimensional Voice Program, Model 4800, USA, 2001), Multi Speech(Model 3700, Kaypantax, USA, 2008) were used as experiment equipment. The speech samples selected for evaluation were vowels and sentences (both declarative and interrogative). For acoustic analysis, the intonation form of fo, jitter, energy, shimmer, HNR, and intonation patterns of the speech sample were measured. The results were as follows: First, the natural intrinsic frequency of extended vowels in the esophagus vocal group was lower than the frequency in the normal vocal group. In particular, the intrinsic frequency difference for high vowel /i/ was much greater than the frequency difference for low vowel /a/. Second, the jitter values of the esophagus vocal group were higher than the control group. In particular, there was a large difference between the jitter values for /a/ and /i/, with the jitter values being highest for /i/. Third, there was no significant difference in vocal strength between the esophagus vocal patient group and the control group. Fourth, the shimmer values of the voices in the esophagus vocal group were higher than shimmer values in the control group. In particular, there was a large difference in shimmer values for low vowel /a/. Fifth, the HNR values of the esophagus vocal group were showed significantly lower than the control group. In particular, the largest difference in HNR values between the two groups was for high vowel /i/. Sixth, the pitch contours of interrogative and declarative sentences of the esophagus vocal patient group showed a different form or only had with small differences compared to the pitch contours of the normal vocal group, thus presenting an inconsistent pattern.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 1997

There are two types of phonetic study, acoustic and physiologic, for differentiating the three manner categories of Korean stop consonants. On the physiologic studies, there are endoscopic, electromyographic(EMG), electroglottographic(EGG) and aerodynamic studies. In this study, I tried to investigate general features of Korean stops using EGG study for the open quotient of vocal fold and baseline shift during speech, and aerodynamic characteristics for e subglottal air pressure, air flow and glottal resistance at consonants. On the aerodynamic study, the glottalized and aspirated stops may be characterized by e increasing subglottal pressure comparing with lenis stop at consonants. The airflow is largest in the aspirated stops followed by lenis stops and glottalized. The glottal airway resistance (GAR) showed highest in the glottalized followed by the lenis, but lowest in e aspirated during e production of consonants, and showed highest in e aspirated, but low in the glottalized and lenis during the production of vowel. The glottal resistance at consonant showed significant difference among consonants and significant interaction between subject and types of consonant. The glottal resistance at vowel showed significant difference among consonants, and e interaction occured between subject and types of consonant. The electroglottography(EGG) has been used for investigating e functioning of e vocal folds during its vibration. The EGG should be related to the patterns of the vocal fold vibration during phonation in characterizing the temporal patterns of each vibratory cycle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic change of EGG waveforms during continuous speech. The dynamic changes of EGG waveforms fir the three-way distinction of Korean stops were characterized that the aspirated stop appears to be characterized by largest open quotient and smallest glottal contact area of the vocal folds in e initial portion of vocal fold vibration ; the lenis stop by moderate open quotient and glottal contact area ; but the glottalized stop by smallest open quotient and largest glottal contact area. There may be close relationship between the OQ(open quotient) in the initial voice onset and the glottal width at the time of consonant production, the larger glottal width just before vocal fold vibration results in the smaller OQ of the vocal fold vibration in the initial voice onset. The EGG changes of baseline shift during continuous speech production were characterized by the different patterns for the three types of Korean consonants. The small and less stiffness change of baseline shift was found for the lenis and the glottalized, and the largest and stiffest change was found for the aspirated. On the baseline shift for the initial voice onset, they showed so similar patterns with for the consonant production, larger changed in the aspirated. for the lenis and the glottalized during the initial voice onset, three subjects showed individual difference each other. I suggest at s characteristics were strongly related with articulatory activity of vocal tract for the production of consonant, especially for the aspirated stop. The suspecting factors to affect EGG waveforms are glottal width, vertical laryngeal movement and the intrapharyngeal pressure to neighboring tissue during connected spech. So the EGG may be an useful method to describe laryngeal activity to classify pulsing conditions of the larynx during speech production, and EGG research can be controls for monitoring the vocal tract articulation, although above factors to affect EGG would have played such a potentially role on vocal fold vibratory behavior obtained using consonant production.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2021

Spasmodic dysphonia, essential tremor, and vocal tremor related with Parkinson's disease are different disorders showing fairly similar symptoms such as difficulty in the speech onset, and tremble in the voice. However, the cause and the resulting treatment of these diseases are different. Spasmodic dysphonia is a vocal disorder characterized by spasms of the laryngeal muscles during a speech, invoking broken, tense, forced, and strangled voice patterns. Such difficult-to-treat dysphonia disease is classified as central-origin-focal dystonia, of a yet unknown etiology. Its symptoms arise because of intermittent and involuntary muscle contractions during speech. Essential tremor, on the other hand, is characterized by a rhythmic laryngeal movement, resulting in alterations of rhythmic pitch and loudness during speech or even at rest. Severe cases of tremor may cause speech breaks like those of adductor spasmodic dysphonia. In the case of hyper-functional tension of vocal folds and accompanying tremors, it is necessary to distinguish these disorders from muscular dysfunction. A diversified assessment through the performance of specific speech tasks and a thorough understanding for the identification of the disorder is necessary for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of patients with vocal tremors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.48-51
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• 2012

Background and Objectives : Vocal fold cyst is generally treated by surgical resection, it has a difference with vocal fold polyp, treated by conservative management first. Decrease in mucosal waves is known as main diagnostic criteria of vocal fold cyst. Sometimes there is a difficulty for diffrential diagnosis between cyst and polyp only by endoscopic examination. The purpose of the study is to identify the objective features of vocal cyst and polyp on the basis of voice analysis for the proper differential diagnosis, especially at high pitched phonation. Materials and Method : The voice analysis was done in 15 focal fold cyst patients and 42 vocal fold polyp. Parameters of perceptual assessment, acoustic and aerodynamic measure, and voice range profile were compared between two groups. Results : Vocal fold cyst patients showed significantly reduced MPT by acoustic and aerodynamic analysis, narrowed frequency-range and low maximun frequency by voice range profile analysis compared with vocal fold polyp patient. Maximun frequency 381 Hz is established for cut off value, differential diagnosis between cyst and polyp (ROC analysis, sensitivity 60%, specificity 68%). Conclusion : Voice analysis is helpful for differential diagnosis between vocal fold cyst and polyp, especially there is a difficulty for distinguish cyst from polyp at clinical situation by endoscopic examination. The result of decreased maximum frequncy at vocal fold cyst supports incomplete high-pitched phonation and falsetto regester at vocal fold cyst patients due to decreased mucosal wave, compared with vocal fold polyp patients.