• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.653-674
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• 1995

This study was aimed at comparing the dietary patterns of university female students according to their residence type. As for subjects, one hundred and twenty students of Kongju national university were chosen as a total. They were devided into three groups ; those who live in family home, or university dormitory, or self-boarding house. In this study, intakes of food and nutrient and dietary behaviors of each group were investigated through two-day food records and questionnaire. The result was that mean daily intakes of calcium and iron were lower than RDAs in all groups. According to residence type, subjects of family home and self-boarding seemed to have more serious problem in the nutrients mentioned above considering the proportions of less than 2/3 of RDAs. Especially, iron status was poorer than any other nutrients in the aspects of this proportion and food source. Iron was taken largely from vegetable foods which were recognized as a source of low bioavailability of iron. The average distribution ratios of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack to total calorie intake was 22, 29, 30 and 19. Thus, it proved that breakfast tended to be more negligent than any other meals, and that snack was an important means to give nutrients for subjects. This meal pattern might be one of the factor for the decrease of the dietary quality. Processed foods were founded to be an important source for providing nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients. Percentages of calorie, carbohydrate and fat consumed by processed foods to total nutrients intake were 30.6, 29.5 and 46.2. However, other nutrient intakes from processed foods such as vitamin and mineral were small. And processed foods which give nutrients were mainly cereal products like ra myon, bread, and milk and milk products. Consequently, processed foods seemed to be selected as a combinient substitute food which supply calorie to fill their hunger. According to the living type, dormitory students had them more frequently than any other groups. Food habit score was within the category of poor or fair. Particularly, the score of self-boarding students was the lowest of groups(p<0.05). The major dietary problems were small or overating, missing meal and irregular eating. The degree of these problems was a little different among groups(P<0.01). Nineteen kinds of food were consumed per day, and family home and self-boarding students had foods less variously than dormitory students(P<0.05). Proportions of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner were 20.8, 12.5 and 8.3%. Accordingly, breakfast was missed more often than any other meals. And self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than any other groups. As a conclusion, subjects should take more calcium and iron, and eat diverse foods to improve their nutritional status. And it is also necessary that breakfast should be regarded more importantly, and that processed foods should be taken considering nutritional balance. In view of residence type, subjects of family home or self-boarding had more dietary problems than dormitory subjects. Thus, these results suggest that university female students might have low ability of meal management, and dietary patterns were different by their residence type. Therefore, nutrition education for them should be carried out with respect to dewelling environment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권8호
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• pp.719-727
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• 2007

영양소 섭취수준과 골밀도 및 골대사 지표와의 관련성을 알아보고자 폐경 후 여성 225명을 대상으로 이들의 영양소 섭취량을 한국영양섭취기준의 권장섭취량 대비 75% 미만을 섭취하는 군과 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취군, 125% 이상을 섭취하는 군으로 구분하여 영양소 섭취수준에 따른 골밀도, 골대사 지표물질인 소변의 디옥시피리디놀린, 칼슘의 배설량을 비교분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 본 연구대상자의 골밀도 측정결과, 요추($L2{\sim}L4$)는 $0.86g/cm^2$이었으며, 대퇴경부가 $0.61g/cm^2$, 대퇴전자부는 $0.48g/cm^2$, 와드삼각부는 $0.42g/cm^2$를 나타났다. 본 연구대상자를 정상군(T값${\geq}-1$), 골감소증(-2.5${\leq}-2.5$)으로 구분한 결과, 와드삼각부는 전체 대상자중 79.1%, 대퇴경부는 전체의 67.6%가 골다공증인 것으로 나타났다. 2) 영양소섭취수준에 따른 골밀도를 비교한 결과, 단백질을 권장섭취량의 75% 미만 섭취하는 연구대상자의 대퇴경부 골밀도가 권장섭취량의 $75{\sim}125%$와 125% 이상을 섭취하는 군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 3) 소변 디옥시피리디놀린 배설량은 단백질을 권장섭취량의 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취하는 군에서 75% 미만과 125% 이상 섭취하는 군 보다 유의적으로 낮게 배설하는 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), 또한 칼슘을 75% 미만 섭취한 군과 125% 이상 섭취한 군보다 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취한 군에서 소변의 디옥시피리디놀린의 배설이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 4) 소변 칼슘배설량은 단백질 섭취수준이 권장섭취량의 75% 미만 섭취 군과 125% 이상 섭취 군보다 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취 군에서 유의적으로 낮았고(p<0.05), 비타민 C의 경우도 권장섭취량의 75% 미만과 125% 이상 섭취군보다 $75{\sim}125%$ 섭취 군에서 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 5) 연령 보정 후 단백질, 칼슘의 권장섭취량에 대한 비율은 대퇴경부 골밀도(각 p<0.05, p<0.01)와 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 또한 단백질(p<0.01)과 비타민 C(p<0.01), 나이아신(p<0.05)의 섭취량은 소변 중 칼슘 배설량과 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이와 같이 폐경 후 여성에게서 영양소 섭취수준에 따라 골대사 지표물질의 농도에도 차이를 보였으며, 특히 단백질의 섭취수준과 칼슘, 비타민 C의 섭취량이 유의적으로 영향을 미쳐 부족하거나, 과잉되지 않는 적정 섭취 범위 내에서 골용출이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 폐경 이후 여성의 골격건강을 위하여 영양소의 적정섭취가 중요하며 부족뿐만 아니라 건강을 염려한 특정영양소의 과잉 섭취도 바람직하지 않은 요인임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제43권12호
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• pp.61-78
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• 2005

This study was peformed to assess the relationships among bone mineral density(BMD), nutrient intake and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal women. A trained nutritionist examined the interviewed usual dietary intake and physical activity of 85 subjects in Chungnam with a questionnaire interview, and BMDs of the lumbar spines($L_2-L_4$), femoral necks(FN), ward's triangles(WT) and trochanters(TR) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The BMDs(T-score) of $L_2-L_4$, FN, and WT were $0.996g/cm^2(-1.601),\;0.697g/cm^2(-1.697)$, and $0.793g/cm^2(-1.512)$, respectively, which were assessed as osteopenia by T-score,. and TR was normal at $0.718g/cm^2(-0.675)$. Subjects included 85 in Chungnam were divided into three groups according to the BMD measurement of the $L_2-L_4$ and FN assessed by T-score. The percentages of the osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal groups were $32.9\%,\;42.4\%$ and $24.7\%$ respectively. The average age was significantly the highest of the osteoporosis group than in the other two osteopenia or normal groups(P<0.001). Among lifestyle factors, the BMD of lifestyles was significantly related with exercise but it was not significant with medication., salt. intake, bone fracture, coffee consumption, drinking and smoking. The nutrient intake of the subjects was most nutrient intake adequate to the Korean RDA level for most nutrients excepting energy intakes and calcium. The BMD of lumbar spines $L_2-L_4$ showed significant positive association with the intake of most nutrients except carbohydrate, especially in the normal group. The Higher BMD levels were found for those with high intake of protein and vitamin B1. The BMDs of $L_2-L_4$, and FN were positively correlated with showed energy expenditure, exercise, miscellaneous activity, per weekend and week(P<0.05) in normal group but that was showed negatively correlated in the osteopenia group. Therefore, this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone less in postmenopausal women is to maintain an adequate intake of calcium and other nutrients and regular physical activity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2011

We conducted this study to examine the effects of safflower seed granular tea containing physiologically active polyphenols on antioxidative activities and bone metabolism. Forty postmenopausal women ages 49 to 64-years were recruited from Daegu and Gyeongbuk and were randomly assigned to either a safflower tea supplement (Saf-tea) group (n=27) or a placebo group (n=13). The Saf-tea group received 20 g of safflower seed granule tea per day containing a 13% ethanol extract of defatted safflower seeds, whereas the placebo group received a similar type of tea that lacked the ethanol extract. No significant changes in nutrient intake for either the placebo or Saf-tea groups were observed before or after the study period, except vitamin A intake increased after 6 months in the Saf-tea group. Dietary phytoestrogen intakes were similar in the Saf-tea group (60.3 mg) and placebo group (52.5 mg). Significant increases in plasma genistein and enterolactone were observed in the Saf-tea group. After 6 months of supplementation, serum levels of antioxidant vitamins such as a-tocopherol and ascorbic acid increased significantly, and TBARS levels decreased in the Saf-tea group compared to the placebo group. Serum osteocalcin levels were reduced (P<0.05) in the Saf-tea group after 6 months, whereas serum osteocalcin did not change in the placebo group. Urinary deoxypyridinoline/creatinine excretion was not different between the two groups at baseline, and did not change in either group after 6 months. Bone mineral density decreased significantly in the placebo group (P<0.01) but not in the supplemented group. It was concluded that polyphenols (72 mg/day), including serotonin derivatives, in the Saf-tea had both antioxidant and potential bone protecting effects in postmenopausal women without liver toxicity.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.861-870
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the health status, life style, dietary habits and nutritional status of 44 industry workers that were routinely exposed to unclean environments while consuming 3 major pork dishes 2 times a week for 6 weeks. The health status, life style and dietary habits of the workers were investigated by a survey questionnaire, and the nutritional status was evaluated using the 24-hour recall method. Overall, the subjects reported that their health status was fairly good throughout the year, but that they felt dizziness and fatigue often. In general, the subjects did not exercise regularly and drank alcohol very often. The average daily energy intake increased from 1,708.3 kcal to 1,859.5 kcal without a change in the BMI or WHR when the respondents were fed pork dishes. However, the mineral intake did not differ significantly in response to the consumption of pork, although the Zn intake tended to increase. Moreover, the vitamin $B_1$, niacin, and E intakes increased after consuming pork(p<0.05), while the cholesterol intake decreased from 425.2 mg to 356.7 mg after eating pork(p<0.05). Additionally, both the fat intake and the PUFA intake increased after the consumption of pork with the intake of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids increasing significantly(p<0.001). Finally, the intake of essential amino acids also increased significantly in response to the consumption of pork(p<0.01). Based on the results, regular consumption of pork dishes improved the nutritional status of industry workers without any adverse effect in terms of the intake of relative fat and cholesterol.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.366-375
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• 1996

The effect of carbohydrates, fat and protein consumption on the blood pressure of adolescents was investigated from the cross sectional data. The two major areas of inquiry were : 1)measuring the variation of blood pressure at various levels of macronutient intake. 2)measuring the relative importance between the factor of nutrient intake and physical growth. A total of 726 students(341 boys and 385 girls) in the first grade of middle school in Kangwha country were studied for their dietary consumption and physical growth as well as blood pressure. Multiple regression analysis was used as the analytical method to identify the relative importance between the factors. Besides the macronutrient consumption, other nutrients such as vitamin and mineral intakes were included in the regression model. The results showed a variation of blood pressure by macronutrient intake level was in consistant both in blood pressure and by gender. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased with increasing protein intake for girls(p<0.05). However, it was not observed in the case of boys. The systolic blood pressure of boys showed a tendency to decrease with fat intake increase, while their diastolic blood pressure showed the opposite trend. Results of the regression analysis showed that physical growth was a more influential factor than nutrition on blood pressure for both sexes. This could imply that the dietary hypertension factors observed in adults may not be operative generally in a population with normotensive blood pressure during growth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권7호
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• pp.624-640
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• 2006

Dialysis patients are at risk of malnutrition not only because of losses of nutrients during peritoneal dialysis but also because of anorexia that results in inadequate nutrient intakes. The aim of this study was to estimate the nutritional status of 154 patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), especially focused on protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin and mineral status. The mean age of the subjects was $5.12\;{\pm}\;12.4\;y$ with educational years of $12.3\;{\pm}\;0.4\;y$ for male and $9.6\;{\pm}\;0.4\;y$ for female. The mean duration of dialysis was $22.7\;{\pm}\;21.7\;mo$. The causes of renal failure included diabetes (32.7), chronic glomerulonephritis (15.0%), and hypertension (8.5%). The main complications associated with chronic renal failure were hypertension (86.1%), diabetes (35.4%) and liver disease (9.0%). The mean daily energy intake was $1216.8\;{\pm}\;457.3\;kcal$ and increased to $1509.2\;{\pm}\;457.2\;kcal$ when added with the energy from dextrose in dialysate. The latter was still much lower than estimated energy requirement but energy intake per kg of body weight (28.1 kcal/1 g) was within the range of that recommended for CAPD patients' diet therapy (25 - 30 kcal/kg). The average daily intake of protein was $49.2\;{\pm}\;25.1\;g$ with 37.6% of the patients showing their intakes less than Estimated Average Requirement. The average protein intake per kg of weight was 0.9 g/kg, which is less than that recommended for CAPD patients (1.2-1.5g/kg) with mean serum albumin level $3.2\;{\pm}\;0.5\;g/dl$. The proportion of the patients with dietary calcium intake less than EAR was 90.9%, but when added with supplementary calcium (phosphorus binder), most patients showed their total calcium intake between EAR and UL. Fifty percent of the patients were observed with dietary iron intake less than EAR, however most patients revealed their total iron intake with supplementation above UL. The addition of folic acid with supplementation increased mean total folic intake to $1126.0\;{\pm}\;152.4\;{\mu}g$ and ninety eight percent of the subjects showed their total folic acid intake above UL. The prevalence of anemia was 83.1 % assessed with hemoglobin level, even with high intakes of iron with supplementation. Thirty four percent of the patients showed their fasting blood glucose was not under control $(\geq\;126\;mg/dl)$ even with medication or insulin probably due to dextrose from dialysate. The mean blood lipid levels were within the reference levels of hyperlipidemia, but with 72.1 % of the patients showing lower HDL-C. In conclusion, Fairly large proportion of the patients were observed with protein malnutrition with low intake of protein and serum albumin level. Few patients showed their vitamins and minerals intake less than EAR with supplementation. For iron and folic acid, their intakes were increased to above UL for large proportion of he patients. However, more than eighty percent of the patients were still anemic associated with decreased renal function. The serum blood glucose and lipid level were not under control for some patients with medication. It seems that supplementation and medications that patients are taking should be considered for dietary consulting of CAPD patients.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.698-707
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• 2006

본 연구는 24시간회상법과 식품섭취빈도조사지를 이용하여 농촌지역 노인들의 영양소섭취량을 비교분석하였으며, 두 식이섭취조사방법 간의 상관성 및 타당성을 평가하였다. 조사대상자는 농촌지역 60세 이상 노인 168명(남자 89명, 여자 79명)이었으며 그 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 조사대상자의 평균연령은 67세(남 69, 여 56)였으며, 평균 신장은 158 cm, 평균체중은 58.4 kg으로서, 본 연구의 농촌지역 남녀 노인의 평균 신장 및 체중은 한국인 $65{\sim}74$세의 평균체중 및 신장보다 낮았다. 24시간회상법과 식품섭취빈도조사법의 상관성 비교(Pearson's correlation)에서 남자노인의 식이섬유소 섭취량만이 p<0.01 수준에서 유의성을 나타내었으며, 나머지 영양소에서는 모두 낮은 상관계수를 나타내었다. 상관관계에서 비록 통계적 유의성을 보여주지는 못했지만 열량 및 대부분의 열량영양소들의 섭취량은 24시간회상법 및 식품섭취빈도조사법 모두에서 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 무기질(Ca, Na, K, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se) 및 비타민(비타민 A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin 및 비타민 C) 섭취량에 대한 24시간회상법과 식품섭취빈도조사법의 상관성은 비록 유의적 상관성은 나타나지 않았으며, 대부분의 무기질 및 비타민 섭취랑은 24시간회상법 및 식품섭취빈도조사법 모두에서 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다. 따라서 두 식이섭취조사방법에 의한 특정 농촌지역 노인들의 무기질 및 비타민섭취량 측정은 타당성이 있는 것으로 간주된다. 24시간회상법과 식품섭취빈도조사법에 의한 각 영양소의 영양권장량(RDA) 및 영양기준치(NRV)에 대한 비교에서, 각 영양소의 섭취량은 두 식이조사방법 간에 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 그러나 열량, 단백질, 지방 등의 대량영양소 및 대부분의 무기질, 비타민 모두에서 식품섭취빈도조사법에 의한 영양소 섭취율이 24시간회상법에 의한 섭취율보다 높게 나타났는데, 이는 식품섭취빈도조사법이 조사방법의 특성상 24시간 회상법에 의한 섭취율보다 높게 나올 수 있음을 입증하였다. 본 연구의 조사대상자인 농촌지역 노인인구 집단의 영양소섭취량 조사를 위해서는 24시간회상법 및 식이섭취조사법 모두를 사용함이 타당하다고 생각된다. 특히, 본 연구조사에서 여자노인의 경우는 남자노인에 비해 모든 영양소에서 식품섭취빈도조사법의 경우가 영양소섭취량이 더 높게 나타났으며, 이러한 현상은 동물성 영양소의 경우가 더 두드러졌다. 이는 농촌지역 여자노인들의 식물성 위주의 식품섭취가 예상되며 따라서 농촌여자노인의 영양상태가 남자노인들에 비해 상대적으로 더 불량할 것으로 예측된다. 24시간회상법과 식품섭취빈도조사법을 이용하여 농촌지역 노인들의 영양소섭취량을 측정하여 비교한 본 연구결과를 종합해보면, 비록 두 식이섭취조사방법 간에 높은 상관성은 보여주지 못하였지만, 영양소섭취량은 두 방법 간에 비슷한 수준을 보여주어, 본 연구대상 특정 농촌지역 노인들의 영양소섭취량 조사에 24시간회상법 및 식품섭취빈도조사법 모두가 사용될 수 있음을 예견하였다. 노인인구 대상으로 보다 정확한 영양소 섭취량 측정을 할 수 있는 식품섭취빈도조사지 개발이 시급한 요구로 제시된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.257-271
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• 1996

Livestock products like meat, milk and egg have been principal food sources for human beings since the historic periods of time. Nowadays consumption of these food items have been avoided due to its high contents of SFA, cholesterol and total fat which are major culprits of chronic adult diseases causing major deaths of people. However, the relationship between livestock products and diseases is not always true because the amounts of fat and cholesterol and types of fatty acids in meat and meat by-products depend on the part of the meat and types of animals. Although meat intakes do not always cause mai or adult diseases, still the developmental necessity does exist for animal foods equipped with biologically active properties, which in turn can improve nutritional status and health more than ever Meat with high protein lean part and low fat can be produced by applying synthetic somatotropin and beta-adrenergic agonists like clenbuterol, cimaterol etc. during breeding. This application brings benefits like higher growth rate, lower fat contents and improve feed efficiency ratios. Meats fortified with long chain PUFA($\omega$-3 fatty acids) can also be produced by modulating feed composition.Egg Products have faced the reduced sales annually because of its high cholesterol contents. Recently brand eggs fortified with special nutrients or chemical components having functional proper ties in the human body system are very popular Research Interests have been focused on eggs with low cholesterol and high omega-3 fatty acids. Low cholesterol eggs and high omega-3 eggs can be produced in several different ways, but popular way to increase is feeding the feeds with different oil sources containing high omega-3 and 6 fatty acids such as fish oil, perilla oil, linseed oil and lecithin etc. But proper compositon of feed formula should be found and economically beneficial. Brand eggs fortified with vitamin, mineral, unknown growth factors are also manufactured. Low cholesterol and high $\omega$-3 PUFA milk are marketed recently Cholesterol removal technology is not completely established and has several limitations to be overcome. Milk fortified with $\omega$-3 fatty acids is made by incorporating high &13 fatty acid foods in feed despite of extraordinary way of fatty acid metabolism In cow. All these biologically active products will be very beneficial and useful for human consumption when limitations of manufacturing technology such as safety and lowered sensory qualities are resolved. Furthermore, thorough and precise tests and quality control for these products should be performed to ensure the effectiveness and usefulness in terms of improving health and nutritional status in general. However one caution should be pointed out to lay people informing that these items are nothing but a food and not panacea. Therefore, it is important to remember that the only way of maintaining good health is absolutely through consuming balanced diet.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate fast-food consumption and it's nutrient density, and the correlation between subject's characteristics and consumption frequency of fast-foods among middle school students. The questionnaires were distributed to 150 male and 190 female students in Cheongju city. The data were analyzed using SAS and statistics used were percent of frequency, $X^2$-test, t-test, and pearson's correlation coefficient. The main reasons for using fast-food restaurants were 'good taste' and 'convenience'. The major concerns when the subjects choose fast-foods were 'taste ($65.9\%$), price ($20.3\%$) and 'nutrition'($6.0\%$). The consumption pattern of fast-foods go as follows: twice a month ($42.3\%$), once a week ($31.5\%$), and less than once a week. The number of fast food items that the subjects ate for one meal was two ($46.0\%$) or three ($33.2\%$). The most frequently chosen combination of foods for number of two choices was beefburger and cola. The mean average energy intake from fast foods for one meal was 620.7 kcal for male, 504.5 kcal for female. The energy ratio of carbohydrate : protein fat from fast foods was 49 : 14 : 43, which means fat intake is much higher than recommended level ($20\%$). Fiber was appeared to be the lowest on the nutrient density which was $17.7\%$ of the recommended level for Koreans, vitamin C was next ($22.8\%$ for male, $20.1\%$ for female). In mineral, iron was the lowest ($71.8\%$ for male, $67.1\%$ for female), and protein was over $100\%$ for both males and females. Frequency of fast food intake was positively correlated with eating frequency of the salty, the sweets, him, caffeine containing foods, instant noodles, and cookies. In conclusion, frequent consumption of fast foods can lead unbalanced nutrient intakes for middle school students, and those who consumed fast foods frequently showed undesirable food habits in their daily meal. Therefore, nutrition education for middle school students should be needed to encourage them to choose more nutritious food and have healthier dietary pattern.