• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1265-1272
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidative components and anti-oralmicrobial effect of bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis Stapf) leaves. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and carbohydrate contents were 6.30%, 5.10%, 1.73%, 10.61%, and 76.26%, respectively. Vitamin C content was higher than Vitamin A and E contents. Among organic acids, citric acid content was the most abundant organic acid, followed by succinic acid, acetic acid, malic acid, and formic acid. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 21.66 mg/g and 42.78 mg/g, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extracts of bamboo leaves for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were determined to be 0.04% and 0.16%, respectively. MICs of extracts of bamboo leaves for Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were determined to be 0.02%. Extract of bamboo leaves had strong antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia at a concentration of 0.32%. At this concentration, extract of bamboo leaves inhibited growth of these pathogenic bacteria up to 60 h. The results of the present study demonstrate the antimicrobial effects of bamboo leaves ethanol extract against oral pathogenic bacteria, suggesting that bamboo leaves could be an effective natural agent for oral hygiene.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.94-100
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• 2009

This study compared the major chemical components of Angelica gigas of Korea, A. acutiloba of Japan, and A. sinensis of China. A. gigas had the highest crude fat level, A. acutiloba the highest moisture content, and A. sinensis the greatest crude protein level. The main free sugar was fructose in three species. Total amino acid contents of A. gigas, A. acutiloba and A. sinensis were 4,178.64 mg%, 2,952.10 mg%, and 3,367.13 mg%, respectively. Although amino acid compositions of the three species were different, arginine, proline and lysine were the major amino acids in all species. The main saturated fatty acid was caproic acid in A. gigas and palmitic acid in A. acutiloba and A. sinensis. Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and oleic acid were the main unsaturated fatty acid in all three species. Oxalic acid was the major organic acid in the three species. Vitamin A contents of A. gigas, A. acutiloba, and A. sinensis were 5.10 mg%, 6.32 mg%, and 6.11 mg%, respectively. However, vitamin E was detected only in A. gigas, at 0.47 mg%.. The mineral contents of the three species were (in order of concentration) K, Mg, Fe, and Na.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.344-350
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• 1997

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of zinc and vitamin E on the antioxidative defense mechanism in the liver of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Levels of blood glucose of STZ-diabetic rats were higher than that of control, but ZDM($ZnSO_{4}$ 10mg/kg injection+STZ) group was lower than those of DM(STZ injection) and EDM(vitamin E 400mg/kg diet+STZ) group. Levels of plasma insulin were lower in all three STZ-diabetic groups than those of control. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) peroxide values(LPO) in liver were increased 2.3-fold in DM group compared with those of control, while LPG in ZDM group was lower than that of DM group, and EDM group had similar tendency compared with that of control. Reduced glutathione(GSH) contents of liver were decreased in DM group compared with those of control, but increased 2.3, 1.7-fold in ZDM and EDM groups, respectively, compared with those of DM group. Oxidized glutathione(GSSG) was increased in DM group compared with control and GSSG in ZDM and EDM group were lower than that of DM group. GSH/GSSG ratio had similar tendency compared with results of GSH. The activities of free radical scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were significantly decreased in DM group compared to those of control, but higher in ZDM and EDM groups than those of DM group. The metallothionein contents in liver and kidney were increased in DM and EDM groups were remarkably increased 20, 5.3-fold in ZDM group, compared with those of control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 2009

The levels of minerals, amino acids, fatty acids and sugars and antioxidant capacity of Adenophora triphylla (AT) root were investigated. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash and carbohydrate contents of the AT root were $3.4{\pm}0.3,\;9.4{\pm}0.1,\;1.6{\pm}0.1,\;3.7{\pm}0.2$, and $81.9{\pm}0.5$, respectively. Among the minerals present in root, potassium content was the highest. Total amino acid contents were $103.5{\pm}9.1$ mg/g. Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in AT root. The vitamin E and C levels in AT root were $1.1{\pm}0.1$ and $5.2{\pm}0.5$ mg/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract and fractions of the AT root has been determined by the scavenging of the stable radical DPPH; the result showed that the chloroform fraction was the most active, as the amount required for 50% reduction of DPPH after 30 min ($RC_{50}$) was $103.7{\mu}g$, followed by 70% ethanol extract ($265.4{\mu}g$), hexane fraction ($104.4{\mu}g$), ethyl acetate fraction ($104.4{\mu}g$), butanol fraction ($108.9{\mu}g$) and aqueous fraction ($484.1{\mu}g$).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2003

The pork quality was determined with following treatments. The meat samples were obtained from pigs which had been fed finishing pig diets containing 5% beef tallow(Control), 3% beef tallow and 2% perillar seed oil(T1), 250 ppm vitamin E(a-tocopheryl acetate) in T1(T2), 3% beef tallow and 2% squid viscera oil(T3), 250 ppm vitamin E in T3(T4), 3% beef tallow and 2% CLA(Conjugated linoleic acid, T5). T1 had the lowest sarcomere length, salt solubility and total protein contents among the treatments. Salt solubility and total protein content of T2 and T4 which had been fed diets containing Vit. E were higher than those of T1 and T3 which had not been fed diets without Vit. E. pH and water holding capacity(WHC) values of control were higher than those of T1, T3 and T5, while WHC of T2 and T4 was higher than those of T1, T3 and T5. The hunter L value of meat and a value of fat showed higher in T5 than those in control, T, T3. The adhesiveness of T3 and the springiness of T5 in cooked meat showed higher level than other treatments.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.86-91
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• 2016

Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species is ascribed to many neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Phenolic antioxidants can reduce the oxidative stress. In this study, ripe fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (OFS) were extracted using 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the OFS fruits (100 g) were 409.9 mg gallic acid equivalents and 72.2 mg catechin equivalents, respectively. The OFS fruits had antioxidant capacity at 381.2, 298.2, and 3,219.9 mg vitamin C equivalents/100 g in ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays, respectively. The OFS fruits showed protective effects on PC-12 cells against oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, partly due to decrease of intracellular oxidative stress. Furthermore, the OFS fruits inhibited both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Consequently, these results suggest that the OFS fruits might be served as a source of functional materials to reduce oxidative stress in neuronal cells and to inhibit cholinesterases.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 1999

Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as a solvent in the extraction of freeze-dried Pandanus odorus leaves. Analysis of the extract with GC-MS showed that Pandanus odorus leaves contain nutritional constituents such as ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ (Vitamin E) and squalene. The contents of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and squalene extracted from freeze-dried ground Pandanus odorus leaves at pressures ranging from 80 to $200\;kg\;cm^{-2}$ and temperatures between 40 to $80^{\circ}C$ were $134{\sim}300\;ppm$ and $750{\sim}1,200\;ppm$ respectively. The highest yield was obtained at $200\;kg\;cm^{-2}$ and $40^{\circ}C$. Other major components identified were hexadecanoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol, campesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}-sitosterol$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.342-347
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were to investigate biological activities such as nitrite scavenging effect of water and methanol fractions obtained from each green juice(Angelica keiskei, kale, carrot) under different pH conditions, and antioxidant vitamin contents in green juice made of green yellow vegetables. The result shows that nitrite scavenging effect of each green juice was 14.0~91.2% in model system. The methanol fraction provided higher effect than the water fraction. The nitrite degradation was the highest at pH 1.2. Nitrite scavenging effect of methanol fraction obtained from kale juice was 91.2% at pH 1.2 which was the highest among tested samples in this experiments. Consequently, extracts of kale juice were shown to provide the greatest functional properties among the vegetables tested. Contents of vitamine E and C in the extracts of kale were higher than the others.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2020

The effect of three different light qualities on growth, photosynthesis, quality and safe parameters of hydroponic cultivated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were investigated indoor. Three different light qualities were created of red (660 nm), blue (450 nm) and green (550 nm) LEDs corresponding at ratio R660/B450 = 4/1 (RBL); R660/B450/G550= 5/2/3 (WWL); R660/B450/G550 = 1/1/1 (WL), which were tested at the same intensity (PPFD =190 μmol m^-2 s^-1). The results showed that the plant height and leaf number were the lowest in WL treatment. The SPAD, Net photosynthesis rate Pn, Fv/Fm, Leaf area index LAI values and all parameters of root characteristics were the highest in RBL treatment and were significantly different from two others. Fresh weight of stem, leaf and root, dry weight of root in the three light qualities were significantly different. In contrast, the highest K⁺ content in WL was different from WWL and RBL treatments, while Ca²⁺ and Fe²⁺ content were the highest in the RBL treatment. Vitamin C content was significantly different between the three treatments. nitrate and oxalic acid contents were the highest in WL treatment, whereas soluble-solids contents and vitamin C contents were the highest in RBL treatment. Oxalic acid, nitrate contents were observed tending reduced under WWL although oxalic acid content in RBL treatment was not different from WL and WWL treatments. In all three different light treatments were not detected Salmonella, E.coli. Our results suggest that RBL may be appropriate light for growth of spinach, but supplementary green light to a combination of red and blue LEDs at the reasonable rate can change the quality of spinach in a positive direction. Hydroponic cultivated spinach was safe for users.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2011

Contents of amino acids, vitamins, and minerals as well as its antioxidant activitiy of Laminaria japonica water extract have been analyzed for preparation of functional foods and cosmetic products. From the analysis of total amino acids, eighteen kinds of amino acids were found in the water extract of Laminaria japonica. Among total amino acids, the order of contents was glutamic acid (2.07 mg/g), alanine (0.51 mg/g), aspartic acid (0.44 mg/g), glycine (0.34 mg/g), and valine (0.34 mg/g). In case of free amino acids, glutamic acid (0.95 mg/g), prolin (0.54 mg/g), aspartic acid (0.44 mg/g), leucine (0.07 mg/g), and phenylalanine (0.07 mg/g) were dominant compositions. Vitamin E was only detected in water extract of Laminaria japonica. The mineral contents were as follows: K 752.60 mg, Na 259.20 mg, Ca 80.20 mg, P 29.50 mg, and Fe 8.32 mg based on 100 g Laminaria japonica water extract. The nitrite scavenging activity of the extract were gradually increased with the extracts contents to 86.2% at concentration of 100 mg/mL and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts were 86.4% at concentration of 50 mg/mL.