• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.211-243
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the cause, symptom, treatment, medicine of Wei symptom through the literature of oriental and western medicine. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Wei symptom is the symptom that reveals muscle relaxation without contraction and muscle relaxation occures in the lower limb or upper limb, in severe case, leads to death. 2. Since the pathology and etiology of Wei symptom was first described as "pe-yeol-yeop-cho"(肺熱葉焦) in Hung Ti Nei Ching(黃帝內經), for generations most doctors had have accepted it. but after Dan Ge(丹溪), it had been classified into seven causes, damp-heat(濕熱), phlegm-damp(濕痰), deficiency of qi(氣虛), deficiency of blood(血虛), deficiency of yin(陰處), stagnant blood(死血), stagnant food(食積). Chang Gyeng Ag(張景岳) added the cause of deficiency of source qi(元氣). 3. The concept of "To treat Yangming, most of all"(獨治陽明) was emphasized in the treatment of Wei symptom and contains nourishment of middle warmer energy(補益中氣), clearance of yangming-damp-heat(淸化陽明濕熱). 4. Since Nei-ching era(內經時代), Wei and Bi symptom(痺症) is differenciated according to the existence of pain. After Ming era(明代) appeared theory of co-existence of Wei symptom and pain or numbness but they were accepted as a sign of Wei symptom caused by the pathological factor phelgm(痰), damp(濕), stagnancy(瘀). 5. In the western medical point of view, Wei symptom is like paraplegia, or tetraplegia. and according to the causative disease, it is accompanied by dysesthesia, paresthsia, pain. thus it is more recommended to use hwal-hyel-hwa-ae(活血化瘀) method considering damp-heat(濕熱), qi deficiency of spleen and stornach(脾胃氣虛) as pathological basis than to simply differenciate Wei and Bi symptom according to the existence of pain. 6. The cause of Gullian-Barre syndrome(GBS) is consist of two factors, internal and external. Internal factors include asthenia of spleen and stomach, and of liver and kidney. External factors include summur-damp(暑濕), damp-heat(濕熱), cold-damp(寒濕) and on the basis of "classification and treatment according to the symptom of Zang-Fu"(臟腑辨證論治), the cause of GBS is classified into injury of body fluid by lung heat(肺熱傷津), infiltration of damp-heat(濕熱浸淫), asthenia of spleen and kidney(脾腎兩虛), asthenia of spleen and stomach(脾胃虛弱), asthenia of liver and kidney (肝腎兩虛). 7. The cause of GBS is divided by according to the disease developing stage: Early stage include dryness-heat(燥熱), damp(濕邪), phlegm(痰濁), stagnant blood(瘀血), and major treatment is reducing of excess(瀉實). Late stage include deficiency of essence(精虛), deficiency with excess(虛中挾實), and essencial deficiency of liver and kidney(肝腎精不足) is major point of treatment. 8. Following is the herbal medicine of GBS according to the stage. In case of summur-damp(暑濕), chung-seu-iki-tang(淸暑益氣湯) is used which helps cooling and drainage of summer-damp(淸利暑濕), reinforcement of qi and passage of collateral channels(補氣通絡). In case of damp-heat, used kun-bo-hwan(健步丸), In case of cool-damp(寒濕), used 'Mahwang-buja-sesin-tang with sam-chul-tang'(麻黃附子細辛湯合蓼朮湯). In case of asthenia of spleen and kidney, used 'Sam-lyeng-baik-chul san'(蔘笭白朮散), In case of asthenia of liver and kidney, used 'Hojam-hwan'(虎潛丸). 9. Following is the herbal medicine of GBS according to the "classification and treatment according to the symptom of Zang-Fu"(臟腑辨證論治). In the case of injury of body fluid by lung heat(肺熱傷津), 'Chung-jo-gu-pae-tang'(淸燥救肺湯) is used. In case of 'infiltration of damp-heat'(濕熱浸淫), us-ed 'Yi-myo-hwan'(二妙丸), In case of 'infiltration of cool-damp'(寒濕浸淫), us-ed 'Yui-lyung-tang', In case of asthenia of spleen, used 'Sam-lyung-bak-chul-san'. In case of yin-deficiency of liver and kidney(肝腎陰虛), used 'Ji-bak-ji-hwang-hwan'(知柏地黃丸), or 'Ho-jam-hwan'(虎潛丸). 10. Cervical spondylosis with myelopathy is occuered by compression or ischemia of spinal cord. 11. The cause of cervical spondylosis with myelopathy consist of 'flow disturbance of the channel points of tai-yang'(太陽經兪不利), 'stagnancy of cool-damp'(寒濕凝聚), 'congestion of phlegm-damp stagnant substances'(痰濕膠阻), 'impairment of liver and kidney'(肝腎虛損). 12. In treatment of cervical spondylosis with myelopathy, are used 'Ge-ji-ga-gal-geun-tang-gagam'(桂枝加葛根湯加減), 'So-hwal-lack-dan-hap-do-hong-eum-gagam(小活絡丹合桃紅飮加減), 'Sin-tong-chuck-ue-tang-gagam(身痛逐瘀湯加減), 'Do-dam-tang-hap-sa-mul-tang-gagam'(導痰湯合四物湯加減), 'Ik-sin-yang-hyel-guen-bo-tang'(益腎養血健步湯加減), 'Nok-gakyo-hwan-gagam'(鹿角膠丸加減). 13. The cause of muscle dystropy is related with 'the impairement of vital qi'(元氣損傷), and 'impairement of five Zang organ'(五臟敗傷). Symptoms and signs are classified into asthenia of spleen and stomach, deficiency with excess, 'deficiency of liver and kidney'(肝腎不足) infiltration of damp-heat, 'deficiency of qi and blood'(氣血兩虛), 'yang deficiency of spleen and kidney'(脾腎陽虛). 14. 'Bo-jung-ik-gi-tang'(補中益氣湯), 'Gum-gang-hwan'(金剛丸), 'Yi-gong-san-hap-sam-myo-hwan'(異功散合三妙丸), 'Ja-hyel-yang-gun-tang'(滋血養筋湯), 'Ho-jam-hwan'(虎潛丸) are used for muscle dystropy. 15. The causes of myasthenia gravis are classified into 'insufficiency of middle warmer energy'(中氣不足), 'deficiency of qi and yin of spleen and kidney'(脾腎兩處), 'asthenia of qi of spleen'(脾氣虛弱), 'deficiency of qi and blood'(氣血兩虛), 'yang deficiency of spleen and kidney'(脾腎陽虛). 16. 'Bo-jung-ik-gi-tang-gagam'(補中益氣湯加減), 'Sa-gun-ja-tang-hap-gi-guk-yang-hyel-tang'(四君子湯合杞菊地黃湯), 'Sa-gun-ja-tang-hap-u-gyi-eum-gagam'(四君子湯合右歸飮加減), 'Pal-jin-tang'(八珍湯), 'U-gyi-eum'(右歸飮) are used for myasthenia gravis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.385-389
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• 2008

Background: There are reports that food deprivation causes emphysematous changes in the lungs of rats and humans. However, the meaning of this phenomenon in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the correlations between the caloric intake and parameters of the lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had visited the respiratory clinic from March, 2006 for one year were enrolled in this study. The patients underwent pulmonary function tests, and a dietitian evaluated their nutritional intake using a food record method. Results: There was no correlation between the total caloric intake and forced vital capacity (FVC, %predicted) or forced expiratory volume in one second ($FEV_1$, %predicted). The total caloric intake showed a positive correlation with the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO %predicted, DLCO/VA %predicted), and a negative correlation with the total lung capacity (TLC, %predicted). Of the calories taken, only calories from protein intake correlated with the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO %predicted, DLCO/VA %predicted). Conclusion: The total caloric intake of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed a positive correlation with the diffusing capacity of the lung, and a negative correlation with the total lung capacity. Further study on the linkage between the caloric intake and severity of emphysema is needed.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.55-70
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• 2004

The wetland ecosystem is a complex products of various erosion force, accumulation as water flows, hydrogeomorphic units, seasonal changes, the amount of rainfalls, and other essential element. There is no single, correct, ecologically sound definition for wetlands because of the diversity of wetlands and the demarcation between dry and wet environments occurs along a continuum, but wetland plays various ecosystem functions. Despite comprehensive integration through classification and impact factors there is still lacking in systematic management of wetlands. Classification system developed by the USFWS(1979) is hierarchical progresses from systems and subsystems at general levels to classes, subclasses, dominance types, and habitat modifiers. Systems and subsystems are delineated according to major physical attributes such as tidal flushing, ocean-derived salts, and the energy of flowing water or waves. Classes and subclasses describe the type of substrate and habitat or the physiognomy of the vegetation or faunal assemblage. Wetland classes are divided into physical types and biotic types. For the wise management of wetlands in Korea, this study was carried out to examine methodology of USFWS classification system and discuss its application for Korean wetland hydrogeomorphic units already known. Seven wetland types were chosen as study sites in Korea divided into some different types based on USFWS system. Three wetland types belonging to palustrine system showed no difference between Wangdungjae wetland and Mujechi wetland, but Youngnup of Mt. Daeam was different from the former two types at the level of dominant types. This fact means that setting of classification system for management of wetland is needed. Although we may never know much about the wetland resources that have been lost, there are opportunities to conserve the riches that remain. Extensive inventory of all wetland types and documentation of their ecosystem functions are vital. Unique and vulnerable examples in particular need to be identified and protected. Furthermore, a framework with which to demonstrate wetland characteristics and relationships is needed that is sufficiently detailed to achieve the identification of the integrity and salient features of an enormous range of wetland types.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1 s.31
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• pp.374-406
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• 1996

This study has been carried out to investigate the types of differential diagnosis of amnesia. The results are as follows; 1. Amnesia has various types of differential diagnosis(辨證分型) ; deficiency of both the heart and spleen(心脾兩虛型), deficiency of the heart(心虛型), deficiency of the kidney(腎虛型), breakdown of the coordination between the heart and the kidney(心腎不交型), mental confusion due to phlegm(痰迷心竅型), accumulation of stagnant blood(蓄血型), internal injury by seven emotion (七情所傷型). 2. The type of deficiency of both the heart and spleen(心脾兩虛型) occurs when the heart and spleen is injured by overthinking(思慮過度), The symptoms are heart palpitation(心悸), continuous palpitation(??), insomnia(少寐), hypochondric discomfort(心煩), dream disturbed sleep(多夢), being easy to be scared(易驚), dizziness(眩暈), these are caused by blood deficiency of the heart(心血不足), poor appetite(飮食不振), loss of appetite(納?), short breath(氣短), sense of turgid abdormen(腹部膨滿感), loose stool(泥狀便), these are caused by deficiency of the spleen(脾虛), lassitude and weakness (身倦乏力), lassitude of the extremities (四肢無力), dim complexion (面色少華), pale lips(舌質淡), thready and feeble(脈細弱無力), these are caused by deficiency of both qi and the blood(氣血虛損). The remedy is nourishing the heart-blood(養心血) and regulating the spleen(理脾土). I can prescribe the recipes such as Guibitang(歸脾湯), Gagambosimtang(加減補心湯), Seongbitang(醒脾湯), Insin-guisadan(引神歸舍丹), Insamyangyoungtang(人蔘養榮湯), Sojungjihwan(小定志丸), Yungjigo(寧志膏), Palmijungjihwan(八味定志丸), etc., 3. The type of deficiency of the heart(心虛型) occurs when the heart-blood is injured by the mental tiredness(神勞) and so blood cannot nourish the heart. The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), short breath(氣短), heart palpitation(心悸), perspire spontaneously(自汗), facial pallidness(顔面蒼白), pale lips (舌質淡白), feeble pulse and lassitude(脈虛無力), intermittent pulse(結代脈). The remedy is nourishing the hart and blood and allaying restlessness(補心益血安神). I can prescribe the recipes such as Chenwangbosimdan(天王補心丹), Jeongji-hwan(定志丸), Gaesimhwan(開心丸), Youngjigo(寧志膏), Chilseonghwan(七聖丸), Baegseogyoungtang(白石英湯), Oseohwan(烏犀丸), Yangsinhwan(養神丸), Guisindan(歸神丹), Bogsinsan(茯神散), Jinsamyohyangsan(辰砂妙香散), Cheongeumboksinsan(千金茯神散), Samjotang(蔘棗湯), jangwonhwan(壯元丸), Sa gunjatang(四君子湯) minus rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae(白朮) plus rhizoma acori graminei(石菖蒲), radix polygalae(遠志), cinnabaris(朱砂), etc. 4. The type of deficiency of the kidney(腎虛型) occurs when the kidney-qi and kidney-essence is deficient(腎氣腎精不足) and so it cannot nourish the brain. The symptoms arc amnesia(健忘), ache at the waist and lassitude in the lower extremities(腰산腿軟), dizziness and tinnitus(頭暈耳嗚), emmission and premature ejaculation(遺精早泄), burning sensation of the five centres(五心煩熱), flushed tongue(舌紅), rapid and small palse(脈細數). The remedy is nourishing the kidney and strengthen the essence(補腎益精). I can prescribe the recipes such as Gagamgobonhwan(加減固本丸), Jeongjihwan(定志丸), Gongseongchlmjungdan(孔聖枕中丹), Yugmigihwanghwan(六味地黃丸) plus ra-dix polygalae(遠志), fructus schizandrae(五味子), Yugmigihwanghwan(六味地黃丸) plus radix polygalae(遠志), fructus schizandrae(五味子), rhizoma acori graminei(石菖蒲), semen zizyphi spinosae(酸棗仁), Palmihwan(八味丸) plus fructus schizandrae(五味子), semen zizyphi spinosae(酸棗仁). etc., 5. The type of breakdown of the coordination between the heart and the kidney (心腎不交型) occurs when the heart-fire(心火) and kidney-fluid(腎水) are imbalanced. The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), hypochondric discomfort(心煩), insomnia(失眠), dizziness and tinnitus(頭最耳嗚), feverish sensation m the palms and soles(手足心熱), emmision(遺精), ache at the waist and lassitude in the lower extremities(腰?腿軟), flushed tongue(舌紅), rapid pulse(脈數). The remedy is coordinating each other(交通心腎). I can prescribe the recipes such as Gangsimdan(降心丹), Jujaghwan(朱雀丸), Singyotang(神交湯), Simsinyang- gyotang(心腎兩交湯), Yugmihwan(六味丸) plus fructus schizandrae(五味子), radix polygalae(遠志), Yugmihwan(六味丸) plus fructus schizandrae(五味子), radix polygalae(遠志), rhizoma acari graminei(石菖蒲), semen zizyphi spinosae(酸棗仁), etc., 6. The type of mental confusion due to phlegm(痰迷心竅型) occurs when the depressed vital energy(氣鬱) create phlegm retention(痰飮) and phlegm stagnancy(痰濁) put the heart and sprit(心神) out of order. The symptoms arc amnesia(健忘), dizziness(頭暈), chest distress(胸悶), nausea(惡心), dull(神思欠敏), dull and slow facial expression(表情遲鈍), tongue with yellow and greasy fur(舌苔黃?), sliperry pulse(脈滑). The remedy is removing heat from the heart to restore consciousness and dispersing phlegm(淸心化痰開竅) I can prescribe the recipes such as Gamibogryeongtang(加味茯?湯), Goa-rujisiltang(瓜蔞枳實湯), Jusaansinhwan(朱砂安神丸), Dodamtang(導痰湯) plus radix saussurea(木香), Yijintang(二陳湯) plus succus phyllostachyos(竹瀝), rhizoma zingiberis(生薑) Ondamtang(溫膽湯) plus rhizoma acori graminei(石菖蒲), rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), etc., 7. The type of accumulation of stagnant blood(蓄血型) occurs when the blood is accumulated in the lower part of body. The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), chest distress(胸悶), icteric skin(身黃), rinsing the mouth but don't wanting eat(漱水不欲燕), madness(發狂), black stool(屎黑), pain in the lower abdomen(小腹硬痛). The remedy is dispersing phlegm and absorb clots (化痰化瘀), I can prescribe the recipes such as Jeodangtang(抵當湯), Daejeodanghwan(代抵當丸), Hyeolbuchugeotang (血府逐瘀湯) plus rhizoma acori graminei (石菖蒲), rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), Jusaansinhwan(朱砂安神丸) plus rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), radix polygalae(遠志), semen persicae(桃仁), cortex moutan radicis(收丹皮), etc., 8. The type of internal injury by seven emotion(七情所傷型) occurs when the anger injures the will stored in the kidney(腎志). The symptoms are amnesia(健忘), heart palpitation(心悸). hot temper(易怒), being easy to be scared(善驚), panic(易恐). The remedy is relieving the depressed liver and regulating the circulation of qi(疏肝解鬱). I can prescribe the recipes such as Tongultang(通鬱湯), Sihosogantang(柴胡疏肝湯) plus rhizoma acari graminei(石菖蒲), rhizoma curcumae aromaticae(鬱金), etc.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.199-213
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• 1967

Circulatory and respiratory activities were observed in men exposed to the environment of engine room of a cruising Republic of Korea Navy ship and compared to the control values obtained in an ordinary laboratory room on land. The environment of an engine room of cruising navy ship was presumed to be a multiple stress acting on men. The environment of the engine room included high temperature $(35-42^{\circ}C)$, low relative humidity (20-38% saturation), vibration (about 7 cycles per second), rolling and pitching of ship and noises. Sixteen men were divided into two groups consisted of each 8 subjects. Subjects of sea duty group had experience of continuous on board duty averaging 3.5 years. Men of land duty group had no experience of on board activity. On land observations were made on one day prior to the boarding and leaving the port and four days after landing. In between observations in the engine room were made on the first, 5 th, 9 th, 12 th, and 14 th day of on board activity. The whole experimental period lasted for 20 days. Measurements on circulatory and respiratory parameters were at standing resting state (after 30 minutes standing in the case of on land study and 15 minutes in engine room study) and within one minute after cessation of on the spot running of which rhythm was 30/min. and lasted for 5 minutes. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary function test were done in the period of two minutes from the 3rd to 5th minutes of running. The following results were obtained. 1. Body temperature showed no change regardless of group difference or on land or on board measurements. 2. Pulse rate increased markedly after boarding the ship id both groups. Pulse rate increased from the first day on board at rest and after exercise as compared to the on land control value. This increase in pulse rate was more marked after exercise. Sea duty group showed less increase in pulse rate at rest than the land duty group. Standing and resting pulse rate of sea duty group on lam was 81 and increased to 87 at the 5th day on board and remained smaller than the land duty group throughout the period on board. Control standing and resting pulse rate of land duty group on land was 76 and reached 89 at the 9th day on board and thereafter decreased a little. Pulse rate of land duty group at rest on board remained greater than that of sea duty group throughout the period on board. 3. Systolic blood pressure of sea duty group increased after boarding the ship and remained higher than the control value on land. In the land duty group, however, systolic blood pressure decreased during the period on board the ship. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in both groups. 4. Resting breathing rate of land duty group increased and remained higher than the control value on land. In sea duty group, however, resting breathing rate showed a transient increase on the 1st day on board and decreased thereafter to the control value on land and kept the same level throughout the period of cruise. Absolute value of breathing rate in the sea duty group was greater than the land duty group both at rest and after exercise. 5. There was a lowering of breathing efficiency in both groups. Thus, increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation volume and decreases in maximum breathing capacity, vital capacity, capacity ratio and air velocity Index were observed after boarding the ship. An increase in ventilation equivalent was also observed in both groups. The lowering of breathing efficiency was more marked in the land duty group than the sea duty group. 6. Energy expediture increased in both groups during their stay on the ship and was more marked in the sea duty group. 7, Lactate concentration in venous blood at rest and after exercise increased after boarding the ship and no group difference was observed.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.141-194
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• 2018

The article is about Yong-Ho-Bi-Gyeol(龍虎秘訣), which is one of the most important Taoist text in Korea written by Jeong-Ryum, a Taoist and alchemist in the Chosun Dynasty. The article deals with the alchemical and psychological meanings of Yong-Ho (龍虎, Dragon-Tiger), the way of nurturing cinnabar (修丹之道), the closing of the qi (閉氣), the method of alchemical breathing, the Dantian (丹田, cinnabar-field), and the Mysterious Female's One Opening (玄牝一竅), in addition to the brief introduction of the life of Jeong-Ryum and the bibliography of the book. The Yong-Ho (龍虎) meaning the dragon and tiger is the archetype of transformation in the form of their opposites, rooted in the psychoid system of the human psyche. The unified Yong-Ho makes Dan and the Dan, literally indicating cinnabar, has many alchemical connotations such as Mercurius, the rubedo state of the alchemical process, and the philosopher's stone. In the book, Jeong-Ryum emphasized the slow and subtle way of breathing in and out of Dantian to develop neidan (内丹, inner cinnabar or inner alchemy). The refining of neidan begins by the closing of the qi, which symbolizes the radical introversion and withdrawal of all the projections on the outer objects. The Dantian located at the lower part of the abdomen has been known to preserve jing (精), the vital essence of life, which can be refined into qi and spirit (神). In Jungian perspective, the Dantian is a mandala where an individual's mind can stay and focus at the center of psyche detached from ego and related to the Self. The long-nurtured introverted energy makes the Mysterious Female's One Opening (玄牝一竅), a pit or cavity in the transcendental space, through which the meditator can have a relationship with the great female principle of the universe. The current article has introduced the contents of the Yong-Ho-Bi-Gyeol in the perspective of analytical psychology. However, it has not dealth with the remaining topics including Taesik (胎息, embryonic breathing) and Juchenhwahu (周天火候, the great Celestial circuit firing), due to the lack of author's sufficient knowledge and experience. The unexplored areas of Yong-Ho-Bi-Gyeol will be studied in the future.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.155-173
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• 2000

The diagnosis in Oriental medicine is done by inspection, auscultation and olfaction, interrogation, four diagnostics of pulse feeling and palpation, and various system of identification like identification according to Qi(vital energy), Xue and body fluids, identification according to fair principles, identification according to principles of Wei, Qi, Ying and Xue, identification according to Sanjiao(the triple heater), identification according to four type physical constitution. Sometimes, symptoms and diagnosis techniques according to symptoms is selectively applied for the diagnosis. Among them the pulse feeling and palpation diagnosis technique using the sense of finger and palm of the hand is divided into feeling of pulse and palpation and pressing maneuver. Pressing maneuver is a diagnosis technique pressing and rubbing the affected part in order to attain data of identification including inside and outside condition of the body with regard to the nature, condition and relative seriousness of disease. There are palpation of the skin, palpation the hand and foot, palpation the chest and the abdomen, palpation shu points in pressing maneuver. The diagnosis of the Back Shu points is a technique to examine the change of disease condition from pressure ache, spontaneous ache, tension, relaxation, solidification revealed through channels and collaterals. I investigates starting disease and an attack of disease of twelve pulse and pulse condition through the study relative to the substance and technique of pressing maneuver, and adjusts diagnosis techniques of a region for acupuncture and matters to be attended. The conclusions are as follows. 1. The Shu or stream points in which pathogenic factors go are important to medical treatment of dormant diseases like bowels disease, cold symptom complex and insufficiency symptom complex. 2. Disease classified by system is diagnosed by the condition of process part like pro-trusion, cave-in, tension, relaxation, pressure ache through palpating the Shu or stream points, that is pressing upward or downward left and right sides of the backbone process by hands. 3. In real clinic pressing maneuver of one's back side is very important to patient's diagnosis treatment. Thus, pressing maneuver of one's back side have to be done without omission. 4. Diagnosis must be accomplished through the perception about the diversity of diagnosis technique of bowels disease, the exact knowledge about pressing maneuver of one's back side for enlargement of treatment range and rising of treatment rate, and pressing maneuver of the Shu or the stream points.