• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.96-105
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• 2020

The appearance of white striations over breast meat is an emerging and growing problem. The main purpose of this study was to employ the reflectance of visible-near infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy to differentiate between normal and white striped turkey breasts. Accordingly, 34 turkey breast fillets were selected representing a different level of white striping (WS) defects (normal, moderate and severe). The findings of VIS/NIR were analyzed by principal component (PC1) analysis (PCA). It was found that the first PC1 for VIS, NIR and VIS/NIR region explained 98%, 97%, and 96% of the total variation, respectively. PCA showed high performance to differentiate normal meat from abnormal meat (moderate and severe WS). In conclusion, the results of this research showed that VIS/NIR spectroscopy was satisfactory to differentiate normal from severe WS turkey fillets by using several quality traits.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.37-43
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the basic relationships between spectral reflectance and varying concentrations of sediment in surface waters. An experimental method for determining suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the water by use of a spectroradiometer above the water surface, in visible and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, is applied. The main advantage of the method is the direct comparison of spectral reflectance and the SSC, but it requires an accurate knowledge of the water body and sediment. Therefore numerous spectroradiometric measurements are carried out in situ measurements, for SSC, ranging from zero to 100 percentage and two types of sediment applied in the water tank. The results indicate that the suspended sediment causes increasing spectral reflectance response in waters. We observed that spectral reflectance increases with SSC, first at the lower wavelengths (430-480 nm), then in the middle wavelengths (570-700 nm), and finally, in the NIR domain (800-820 nm); a characteristic maximum reflectance appears at 400-670 nm. Relationships between the wavelength, integral value, and the SSC were evaluated on the basis of the regression analysis. The regression curve for the relation between the wavelength, integral value, and the SSC were determined ($R^2$>0.98). Finally, the specular wavelength can be estimated to recognize the sediment and to improve SC estimation accuracy in the water.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.655-671
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• 2022

There are differences of spectral characteristics between different types of meat cut, which means the model established using only one type of meat cut for meat quality prediction is not suitable for other meat cut types. A novel portable visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) optical system was used to simultaneously predict multiple quality indicators for different commercial meat cut types (silverside, back strap, oyster, fillet, thick flank, and tenderloin) from Small-tailed Han sheep. The correlation coefficients of the calibration set (R_c) and prediction set (R_p) of the optimal prediction models were 0.82 and 0.81 for pH, 0.88 and 0.84 for L^*, 0.83 and 0.78 for a^*, 0.83 and 0.82 for b^*, 0.94 and 0.86 for cooking loss, 0.90 and 0.88 for shear force, 0.84 and 0.83 for protein, 0.93 and 0.83 for fat, 0.92 and 0.87 for moisture contents, respectively. This study demonstrates that Vis/NIR spectroscopy is a promising tool to achieve the predictions of multiple quality parameters for different commercial meat cut types.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1992

The study is to analize the spectral characteristics of metamorphic rocks by their spectral reflectance curves obtained from CARY 17-D Spectrophotometer. Coarse grained rocks generally show strong absorption at 1.4 and 1.9 $\mu\textrm{m}$ due to preserved water inclusion in quartz of feldspar. The basic rocks show a broad absorption due to Fe$^{++}$ ion rich in mafic minerals. Strong absorption near 2.0$^+\mu\textrm{m}$ suggests existence of carbonate or clay minerals.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.731-734
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• 2013

Reduced tungsten bronze nanoparticles of ternary and quaternary compounds were prepared by adding sodium and cesium to crystal structures of tungsten trioxides ($Na_xCs_{0.33-x}WO_3$, x = 0, 0.11) while maintaining the overall alkali metal fraction at 0.33, in an attempt to control near infrared (NIR) shielding property in the particular wavelength range of 780 to 1200 nm. The structure and composition analysis of the quaternary compound, $Na_{0.11}Cs_{0.22}WO_3$, revealed that 93.1% of the hexagonal phase was formed, suggesting that both alkali metals were mainly inserted in hexagonal channel. The NIR shielding property for $Na_{0.11}Cs_{0.22}WO_3$ was remarkable, as this material demonstrated efficient transmittance of visible light up to 780 nm and enhancement in NIR shielding because of the blue-shifted absorption maximum in comparison to $Cs_{0.33}WO_3$.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2015

A pulse is generated when the heart pumps blood into the arterial system. The heart pumps blood only when it contracts, not when it relaxes; therefore, blood enters the arterial system in a cyclical form. Artery beating is visible in some parts of the body surface, such as the radial artery of the wrist. This paper mainly uses the feature in which near-infrared spectroscopy penetrates skin to construct a non-invasive measurement system that can measure small vibration in the subcutaneous tissue of the human body, and then uses it for the pulse measurement. This measurement system uses the optical moir$\acute{e}$ principle, together with the fringe displacement made by small vibration in the subcutaneous tissue, and an image analysis program to calculate the height variation from small vibrations in the subcutaneous tissue. It completes a measurement system that records height variation with time, and that together with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) program, they can convert the pulse waveform generated by vibration (time-amplitude) to heartbeat frequency (frequency-amplitude). This is a new and non-invasive medical assistance system for measuring the pulse of the human body, with the advantages of being simple, fast, safe and objective.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to develop models to predict freshness factors (total viable counts (TVC), pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), trimethylamine (TMA), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values) and the storage period in beef using a visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic technique. A total of 216 beef spectra were collected during the storage period from 0 to 14 d at a $10^{\circ}C$ storage. A spectrophotometer was used to measure reflectance spectra from beef samples, and beef freshness spectra were divided into a calibration set and a validation set. Multi-linear regression (MLR) models using the stepwise method were developed to predict the factors. The MLR results showed that beef freshness had a good correlation between the predicted and measured factors using the selected wavelength. The correlation of determination ($r^2$), standard error of prediction (SEP), and ratio of standard deviation to SEP (RPD) of the prediction set for TVC was 0.74, 0.64, and 2.75 Log CFU/$cm^2$, respectively. The $r^2$, SEP, and RPD values for pH were 0.43, 0.10, and 1.10; those for VBN were 0.73, 1.45, and 2.00 mg%; those for TMA were 0.70, 0.19, and 2.58 mg%; those for TBA values were 0.73, 0.13, and 2.77 mg MA/kg; and those for storage period were 0.77, 1.94, and 2.53 d, respectively. The results indicate that visible and NIR spectroscopy can predict beef freshness during storage.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.71.2-71.2
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• 2019

In order to gather clues to surface mineralogy of asteroids, we classify their taxonomy based on their reflected spectra. It is remarkable that a large number of asteroids plotted in the proper orbital element space with distinct colors according to their taxonomic types reveal the dynamical evolution and the structure in the near-Earth space, the main-belt and beyond. Although we have ~1×10⁶ known objects, no more than ~3×10³ of them are properly classified taxonomically as visible-near infrared spectroscopy is costly. On the other hand, multi-wavelength broadband photometry in the visible region provides a rather inexpensive alternative tool for approximate taxonomy. Thus we have conducted multi-band observations systematically using Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) with BVRI and griz filters since back in 2015. We then applied aperture photometry with elliptical apertures to fit the trails of objects during the exposures, and classified them with the principle component indices of Ivezic et al. (2001). We will make use of our new, three dimensional asteroid classification scheme for the next step.

• Ceramist
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.59-74
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• 2018

Imaging in the Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) provides several advantages over the visible and near-infrared regions: enhanced image resolution in in foggy or dusty environments, deep tissue penetration, surveillance capabilities with eye-safe lasers, assessment of food quality and safety. Commercially available SWIR imagers are fabricated by integrating expensive epitaxial grown III-V compound semiconductor sensors with Si-based readout integrated circuits(ROIC) by indium bump bonding Infrared image sensors made of solution-processed quantum dots have recently emerged as candidates for next-generation SWIR imagers. They combine ease of processing, tunable optoelectronic properties, facile integration with Si-based ROIC and good performance. Here, we review recent research and development trends of various application fields of SWIR image sensors and nano-materials capable of absorption and emission of SWIR band. With SWIR sensible nano-materials, new type of SWIR image sensor can replace current high price SWIR imagers.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1998

The objectives of this study were to develop models to predict the contents of moisture and protein of single kernel of brown rice based on visible/NIR (near-infrared) spectroscopic technique. The reflectance spectra of rice were obtained in the range of the wavelength 400 to 2,500 nm with 2 nm intervals. Multiple linear regression(MLR) and partial least squares (PLS) were used to develop the models. The MLR model using the first derivative spectra(10 nm of gap) with Standard Normal Variate and Detrending (SNV and Drt.) preprocessing showed the best results to predict moisture content of the sin린e kernel brown rice. To predict the protein content of a single kernel of brown ricer the PLS model used the raw spectra with multiplicative scatter correction(MSC) preprocessing over the wavelength of 1,100~1,500 nm.