• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.221-232
• /
• 2024

Zoonotic diseases are rare but the transmission of disease to humans may cause serious illness. Nipah virus (NiV) is a bat-borne zoonotic pathogen, which can cause severe encephalitis and respiratory distress. The transmission of Nipah virus from bats to humans was first reported in Malaysia in 1998. Different strains of NiV show different epidemiological and clinical features. Few of the strains are highly lethal and can spread to the community resulting in a global threat. However, the availability of effective management or prophylactic measures are only limited. Thus, it is essential to contain such outbreaks by implementing proper infection control and surveillance measures. Many serological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed for diagnosis of this infection. This review mainly focuses on the epidemiology, transmission of Nipah virus, pathogenesis and management of NiV infection. The review also throws light on the immune response of NiV in humans and the role of One Health approach in prevention and control of NiV infection.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.149-154
• /
• 2017

Mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced by using viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV, genotype IVa) as an immunogen, isolated from diseased olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Four hybridoma clones secreting MAbs against VHSV were established. The MAbs were recognized the nucleoprotein (MAb 4), phosphoprotein (MAb 1) and matrix protein (MAbs 2 and 3) of VHSV by western blot analysis. Among them, the MAbs 1 and 4 strongly reacted with the VHSV-infected FHM cells, but not normal FHM cells. In enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, the four MAbs reacted with the VHSV, but not different six fish viruses (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, hirame rhabdovirus, spring viraemia of carp virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, marine birnavirus and nervous necrosis virus). These results indicate that the MAbs are useful for diagnosis of VHSV infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.301-306
• /
• 2000

In an outbreak of acute porcine diarrhea in newborn piglets, an etiological study was carried out using piglets submitted in Cheju Province Institute for Livestock Promotion(Cheju Veterinary Service for the disease diagnosis). Sixteen piglets(2-7 days old) were collected from 4 farms during outbreaks of diarrhea disease(from January to April 2000). Specimens were taken after necropsy and examined by immunohistochemistry using of monoclonal antibodies for porcine epidemic diarrhea(PED) virus, transmissible gastroenteritis(TGE) virus, and porcine rotavirus. Immunohistochemistry showed that PED virus antigens, but both TGE virus and rota virus antigens not, were localized in the some epithelial cells of the intestines of 14 animals among 16 piglets examined. PEB virus antigens were mainly detected in the cytoplasm of enterocytes. Infected cells, which were most abundant in the villous epithelial cells of the jejunum and ileum, were uncommon in the crypt, epithelial cells, the lamina propria and Peyer's patches of piglets examined. The results suggest that PED virus is one of the most prevailing agents in an outbreak of fatal diarrhea in newborn piglets on Cheju island and PED virus was need to further study to prevent this disease.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.40-47
• /
• 2024

Garlic can be infected by a variety of viruses, but mixed infections with leek yellow stripe virus, onion yellow dwarf virus, and allexiviruses are the most damaging, so an easy, inexpensive on-site method to simultaneously detect at least these three viruses with a certain degree of accuracy is needed to produce virus-free plants. The most common laboratory method for diagnosis is multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). However, allexiviruses are highly diverse even within the same species, making it difficult to design universal PCR primers for all garlic-growing regions in the world. To solve this problem, we developed an inexpensive on-site detection system for the three garlic viruses that uses a commercial mobile PCR device and a compact electrophoresis system with a blue light. In this system, virus-specific bands generated by electrophoresis can be identified by eye in real time because the PCR products are labeled with a fluorescent dye, FITC. Because the electrophoresis step might eventually be replaced with a lateral flow assay (LFA), we also demonstrated that a uniplex LFA can be used for virus detection; however, multiplexing and a significant cost reduction are needed before it can be used for on-site detection.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.87-92
• /
• 2017

The first Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan in 1976 and then emerged in West Africa in 2014 with a total of 27,741 cases and 11,284 deaths. The fever is caused by the Ebola virus, which belongs to the Filoviridae family and contains a ssRNA genome. The known subtypes of the virus are Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, $Ta\ddot{i}$ Forest ebolavirus, and Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebola outbreak was historically originated majorly from the East and Central African tropical belt. The current outbreaks in West Africa caused numerous deaths and spread fear in global society. In the absence of effective treatment strategies and any vaccine, accurate diagnosis is the most important contributing factor in the management and control of the epidemic disease. WHO (World Health Organization) has announced emergency guidance for the selection and use of Ebola in in vitro diagnostic assays. Numerous companies and research institutions have studied the various diagnosis methods and identified four WHO procurement approved as diagnosis kits: RealStar Ebolavirus Screen RT-PCR kit 1.0 (Altona), Liferiver-Ebola Virus (EBOV) Real time RT-PCR kit, Xpert Ebola Assay, and ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test Kit. The efficiency of novel diagnostic kits such as Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT) is currently being evaluated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
• /
• 2000.04a
• /
• pp.3-3
• /
• 2000

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.208-215
• /
• 2020

Zoster sine herpete (ZSH) is one of the atypical clinical manifestations of herpes zoster (HZ), which stems from infection and reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the cranial nerve, spinal nerve, viscera, or autonomic nerve. Patients with ZSH display variable symptoms, such as neuralgia, however, different from HZ, ZSH show no zoster, which makes clinical diagnosis difficult. ZSH not only causes initial symptoms, such as neuropathic pain in the affected nerve, Bell palsy, and Ramsay Hunt syndrome, but also postherpetic neuralgia and fatal complications such as VZV encephalitis and stroke. The misdiagnosis of ZSH and tardy antiviral treatment may lead to severe ZSH sequelae. We review the publications related to ZSH, especially its diagnosis with VZV DNA and/or anti-VZV immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM). More work about ZSH, especially ZSH epidemiological survey and guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment, are needed because most of the present studies are case reports.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2010

Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is endemic in swine, and classified into influenza A and influenza C but not influenza B. Swine influenza A includes H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2 and H2N3 subtypes. Infection of SIV occurs in only swine and that of S-OIV is rare in human. What human can be infected with S-OIV is called as zoonotic swine flu. Pandemic 2009 swine influenza H1N1 virus (2009 H1N1) was emerged in Mexico, America and Canada and spread worldwide. The triple-reassortant H1N1 resulting from antigenic drift was contained with HA, NA and PB1 of human or swine influenza virus, PB2 and PA polymerase of avian influenza virus, and M, NP and NS of swine influenza virus, The 2009 H1N1 enables to transmit to human and swine. The symptoms and signs in human infected with 2009 H1N1 virus are fever, cough and sore throat, pneumonia as well as diarrhea and vomiting. Co-infection with other viruses and bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae can occur high mortality in high-risk population. 2009 H1N1 virus was easily differentiated from seasonal flu by real time RT-PCR which contributed rapid and confirmed diagnosis. The 2009 H1N1 virus was treated with NA inhibitors such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) but not with adamantanes such as amantadine and rimantadine. Evolution of influenza virus has continued in various hosts. Development of a more effective vaccine against influenza prototypes is needed to protect new influenza infection such as H5 and H7 subtypes to infect to multi-organ and cause high pathogenicity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the farm situation about bovine leukemia virus(BLV) infection that greatly influence productivity in dairy cattle and compare the accuracy of diagnosis for BLV infection between PCR and ELISA techniques. Blood samples of 193 heads from 5 herds in Chungnam and Chungbuk area were used to analyze BLV gene and serum, and the results were obtained as follows. The amplified BLV gene in dairy cattle by PCR technique resulted in 226 bp, 596 bp and 434 bp, respectively, for gag, pol and env, which were well amplified. The infection rates of BLV virus diagnosed by PCR and ELISA techniques ranged from 80.55 to 100% and from 22.22 to 86.95%, respectively, and the infection rates among 5 herds were significantly different in both methods (P<0.05). Further, the average infection rates of 5 herds were 87.05 and 63.21%, respectively, for PCR and ELISA techniques. Kappa statistics for examining consistency of diagnosis by PCR and ELISA techniques showed 0.246, which represents low consistency. Consequently, PCR based BLV technique was considered as a corrective measure for diagnosis of BLV infection in Holstein dairy cattle.

• Research in Plant Disease
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 2014

A rapid, user-friendly and simple immune-chromatographic dipstick kit named 'rapid immune-gold strip' (RIGS) kit was developed in a novel single strip format to detect on-site detection of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from polyclonal antisera raised in rabbits against TSWV was purified through protein-A affinity chromatography and then the purified TSWV-IgG was conjugated to colloidal gold nano-particles which served as a test line on nitrocellulose membrane. Protein A that non-specifically binds to TSWV antibody was used as a control line on the same strip. The diagnosis process with the TSWV-RIGS involves simply grinding the suspect plant sample in a bag that contains the extraction buffer and inserting the strip the bag. Results can be seen in 2-5 minutes. The flow of the complexes of gold particles coated with TSWV-IgG and a crude sap from TSWV-infected pepper, tobacco and tomato plants resulted in intensive color formed on the test lines proportional to the concentrations of TSWV. The RIGS-TSWV kit did not show any cross-reactions against other tomato-infecting viruses unrelated to TSWV. These results indicate that the TSWV-RIGS kit is highly sensitive and is not required for laboratory training and experience prior to testing. The TSWV-RIGS kit is suitable for on-site detection of suspect TSWV-infected plants as well as for laboratory diagnosis.