• 대한간학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.384-391
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• 2018

Backgrounds/Aims: The objective of our study was to determine the epidemiological, laboratory, and serological characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and normal transaminases. The study also aimed to evaluate liver damage by measuring the liver fibrosis (LF) grade and to identify possible factors associated with the presence of fibrosis. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in patients with chronic HBV infection and classified as inactive carriers or immune-tolerant. Epidemiological variables of age, sex, immigrant, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI), as well as virological variables (HBV DNA) and transaminase level were collected throughout the follow-up. The LF grade was evaluated by transient elastography. The cutoff value for significant fibrosis (SF) was liver stiffness ${\geq}7.9kPa$. Results: A total of 214 patients were included in the analysis, and 62% of them had a BMI ${\geq}25kg/m^2$. During follow-up, 4% of patients showed transaminase elevation (<1.5 times normal). Most patients had a viral DNA level <2,000 IU/mL (83%). Data on LF were available in 160 patients; of these, 14% had SF, 9% F3, and 6% F4. The variables associated with the presence of SF were transaminase alteration during follow-up, as 23% of patients with SF had elevated transaminases versus 3% of patients without SF (P<0.005), and BMI, as the vast majority of patients with SF (88%) had a BMI ${\geq}25kg/m^2$ versus 56% of patients without SF (P<0.05). Conclusions: In patients with chronic HBV infection and normal transaminases, liver damage does not seem to be related to DNA levels, alcohol consumption, or immigrant status. SF seems to be associated with transaminase alteration during follow-up and elevated BMI. It is therefore recommended to measure LF grade with validated non-invasive methods in such patients.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.229-238
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• 2010

Chicken Mx protein (cMx) induced interferon (IFN) is an antiviral protein to inhibit replication of RNA virus, particularly negative stranded RNA virus, through blockage of transfortation of viral RNA and proteins. In order to determine antiviral effects of cMx from different MHC haplotype chicken, we characterized cMx gene by studying on nucleotide sequencing, antiviral effects to Newcastle disease virus, VSV and MDV, and transcription activities. Three types of eMx genes (2,118 bp) were detected from the different MHC haplotype chickens [B19 (N), B15(F) and B21 (GSP)] chickens, which have showed different susceptible to Marek's disease (MD). Several amino acid substitutions were showed in the cMx. The amino acid 548 and 631 in the cMxs from N and F, chickens susceptible to MD, was Val and Asn which was important on antiviral effects, and showed in resistant cMx. Those in the cMx from GSP, chicken resistant to MD, were same that showed in susceptible cMx. Though every cMx transactivated the expression of the reporter gene, the transcription activation by resistant cMx from N and F was lower compared to that by susceptible cMx from GSP. The decease of the cell growth in the resistant cMx cloned cells was seen in comparison with another cMx clone cells. Replication of NDV and VSV was suppressed in the clones with resistant cMx from N and F. NMx258-transducted cells lack of antiviral effects, and NMx437 or NMx646-transducted cells was showed 60% of antiviral effects compared to NMx705. Mean death time (MDT) and hemaggutination (HA) titer to NDV was long and low in the eggs of N and F lines, but short and high in the egg of GSP line. Interestingly, strong suppression to NDV was observed in the clone with N-Mx and in the eggs of N line. However, the effects of Mx for replication of vvMDV1 have not been. Thus, resistant types of cMx, N- and F-Mx, have showed the anti-viral effects to only RNA virus including NDV and VSV, but not to DNA virus. Antiviral effects of cMx were required whole length of amino acid including Val and Asn in amino acid 548 and 631.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.269-279
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• 2000

Alfalfa mosaic alfamoviruses(AIMV) were isolated from infected potato (Solanum tuberosum) and azuki bean (Paseolus angularis) in Korea. Two AIMV isolated from potatoes were named as strain KR (AIMV-KR1 and KR2) and AIMV isolated from azuki bean was named as strain Az (AIMV-Az). Each isolated AIMV strain was characterized by using their host ranges, symptom developments, serological relations and nucleotide sequence analysis of coat protein (CP) gene. Strains KR1, KR2, and Az were readily transmitted to 20 of 22 inoculated plant species including bean, cowpea, tomato, tobacco, and potato. AIMV-KR1 and KR2 produced the typical symptoms like chlorotic or necrotic spots in Chenopodium quinoa and Solanum tuberosum cv. Superior. AIMV-Az caused bright yellow mosaic symptom and leaf malformation in Nicotiana glauca, which were different from the common mosaic symptom caused by AIMV-KR1 and KR2. Electron microscope observation of purified virus showed bacilliform virions containing a single-stranded plus-strand RNAs of 3.6, 2.6, 2.0 and 0.9 kbp in length, respectively, similar in size and appearance to those of Alfamovirus. In SDS-PAGE, the coat protein of the two viruses formed a consistent band that estimated to be about 24kDa. The CP genes of the AIMV strains, KR1, KR2, and Az have been amplified by RT-PCR using the specific primers designed to amplify CP gene from viral RNA-3, cloned and sequenced. Computer aided analysis of the amplified cDNA fragment sequence revealed the presence of a single open reading frame capable of encoding 221 amino acids. The nucleotide and peptide sequence of viral CP gene showed that strain KR1, KR2, and Az shared highest nucleotide sequence identities with AIMV strain 425-M at 97.7%, 98.2%, and 97.2%, respectively. CP gene sequences of two strains were almost identical compared with each other. Altogether, physical, serological, biological and molecular properties of the purified virus.

• Obstetrics & gynecology science
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.662-668
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• 2018

Objective This study was to identify the risk factors for cytological progression in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). Methods We analyzed data from women infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) who participated in the Korean HPV cohort study. The cohort recruited women aged 20-60 years with abnormal cervical cytology (ASC-US or LSIL) from April 2010. All women were followed-up at every 6-month intervals with cervical cytology and HPV DNA testing. Results Of the 1,158 women included, 654 (56.5%) and 504 (43.5%) women showed ASC-US and LSIL, respectively. At the time of enrollment, 143 women tested positive for HPV 16 (85 single and 58 multiple infections). Cervical cytology performed in the HPV 16-positive women showed progression in 27%, no change in 23%, and regression in 50% of the women at the six-month follow-up. The progression rate associated with HPV 16 infection was higher than that with infection caused by other HPV types (relative risk [RR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.84; P=0.028). The cytological progression rate in women with persistent HPV 16 infection was higher than that in women with incidental or cleared infections (P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between cigarette smoking and cytological progression (RR, 4.15; 95% CI, 1.01-17.00). Conclusion The cytological progression rate in HPV 16-positive women with ASC-US or LSIL is higher than that in women infected with other HPV types. Additionally, cigarette smoking may play a role in cytological progression.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 최근 10년간(2010-2019년) 바이러스에 의한 식중독 통계 및 바이러스 검출법과 제어법에 대한 자료를 정리하여 나타냈다. 국내에서 지난 10년 동안 바이러스에 의해 발생한 식중독 사고 488건 중 94.9%가 노로바이러스에 의한 것으로 확인되어 노로바이러스가 국내에서 가장 주요한 식중독 바이러스로 생각된다. 노로바이러스를 검출하는 방법으로는 PCR을 이용한 방법이 주로 보고되고 있으며 현재(2020년 12월) 식품 공전에 등록된 방법(고시 제 2010-45호)에 따라 전기 영동을 기반으로 한 one-step RT PCR 및 semi-nested PCR 방법이 널리 이용되고 있다. 또한 최근 DNA sequencing 기술이 발달됨에 따라서 검출된 바이러스의 서열을 분석하여 이미 보고된 바이러스의 서열과 비교한 논문들이 많이 보고되었다. 이 외에도 real-time PCR을 적용한 논문들도 보고되고 있으며 앞으로는 전기 영동을 실시하는 conventional PCR을 대신하여 신속하게 정량 검출이 가능한 realtime PCR의 활용이 늘어날 것으로 생각한다. 기타 바이러스의 검출에 있어서도 역시 PCR을 활용한 방법이 주로 보고되고 있으며 multiplex PCR을 활용하여 여러 종류의 바이러스를 동시에 검출하고자 하는 노력이 이루어지고 있다. 더 나아가서, 자기 면역력 분리와 퀀텀닷 분석 방법 등을 이용한 신속 검출법이 제시되고 있어 앞으로 여러 식품에 오염된 바이러스를 현장에서 신속분리 및 검출하는데 이용할 수 있을 것으로 전망된다. 한편, 노로바이러스는 실험실에서 배양하기가 어렵기 때문에 노로바이러스 제어 연구는 대체재를 이용한 방법들이 주를 이루었다. 옴 가열을 포함한 여러 종류의 열처리와 초고압, 오존, 감마선, 광펄스 등의 비가열 처리를 이용하여 노로바이러스의 저감 정도를 살펴본 연구들이 최근 보고되었다. 일반적으로 물이나 완충용액보다는 식품 샘플에서 바이러스의 저감 정도가 낮게 관찰되었는데 식품 matrix가 이러한 물리적 처리에 간섭 효과를 나타내기 때문으로 생각되며 이를 극복하기 위해서는 여러 물리적, 화학적 처리를 조합하여 처리할 필요가 있다. 기타 바이러스 제어 연구에 있어서는 열, 광펄스, 고압력 등의 물리적 처리와 더불어 살균제(sanitizer)를 적용한 논문들이 보고되고 있으며 식중독 바이러스의 저감 메커니즘에 대한 체계적인 연구가 수행되고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 여러 물리적, 화학적 처리에 대해서 식중독 바이러스가 저항성을 갖는 이유와 사멸되는 메커니즘을 정확하게 이해한다면 추후 여러 식품에서의 바이러스에 대한 안전성을 확보하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2008

목 적: 인터페론은 소아 만성 B형 간염의 치료에 널리 쓰이고 있으나 50% 이상의 환자에서 인터페론 치료에 반응이 없어 추가적인 다른 치료가 필요하다. 라미부딘은 B형 간염 바이러스 복제의 억제제로 B형 간염 치료제로 널리 쓰이고 있으나, 인터페론 치료에 반응이 없었던 B형 간염 환자에 대한 라미부딘의 치료 효과에 대한 연구가 많지 않다. 방 법: 2000년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 부산대학교병원 소아청소년과에서 만성 B형 간염으로 진단되어 인터페론(interferon ${\alpha}$-2b, 10 $MU/m^2$ 또는 pegylated interferon $1.5{\mu}g/kg$)으로 6개월 간 치료를 받은 33명 중 치료에 반응이 없어 치료 종결 후 6~12개월 뒤부터 라미부딘(3 mg/kg/일, 최고 100 mg/일)으로 치료를 한 8명(남 6명, 여 2명)을 대상으로 라미부딘의 치료 효과를 분석하였다. 임상적 소견에 대해 의무기록지를 후향적으로 검토하였다. 결 과: 인터페론 치료 시작 시 나이는 4.9${\pm}$3.1세, 라미부딘 치료 시작 시 나이는 6.1${\pm}$3.2세였다. 인터페론 치료 전 혈청 ALT는 148.1${\pm}$105.8 IU/L였고, HBV-DNA PCR log값은 6.95${\pm}$0.70 copies/mL였다. 인터페론 치료 후 ALT는 143.1${\pm}$90.4 IU/L였고, DNA PCR log값은 6.46${\pm}$2.08 copies/mL로 치료 전과 차이가 없었고(p> 0.05), 2명에서 HBeAg 음전이 있었다. 모든 환자에서 라미부딘 치료 후 7.4${\pm}$2.1개월에 ALT가 정상화되고, 이미 HBeAg이 음전된 2명을 제외한 6명에서 7.9${\pm}$2.1개월에 HBeAg 혈청전환이 있었다. HBV DNA는 2.4${\pm}$2.8개월에 7명(87.5%)에서 음성화되었다. 2명은 라미부딘치료 종결 후 3년 이상 재발이 없으며, 5명은 완전 반응상태로 24.4${\pm}$9.1개월간 복용 중이다. 1명은 12개월간 라미부딘을 복용하여 혈청 ALT가 정상화되고 HBeAg 혈청전환이 있었으나 바이러스 돌파현상이 발생하여 치료를 중단하였다. 결 론: 연구 대상 환자 수가 적었지만 인터페론 치료에 반응이 없었던 만성 B형 간염 환자에서 라미부딘의 치료는 매우 효과적이었다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2008

충북대학교 병원과 영남대학교 병원에서 만성 B형 간염으로 내원한 환자를 대상으로 9개월 동안 엔테카비어를 투약한 뒤 그 치료성적을 조사하여 본 결과 외국 연구의 성적과 유사하게 생화학적 반응에서 3개월째는 20명(61%), 6개월째는 24명 (73%), 9개월째는 22명(67%), 바이러스학적 반응에서 3개월째 바이러스학적 반응은 27명 (82%), 6개월째는 30명 (91%), 9개월째는 30명 (91%), 바이러스 비검출율에서 3개월째는 16명 (49%), 6개월째는 24명 (73%), 9개월째는 28명 (85%)로 우수한 치료성적을 보여주었다. 치료 9개월째 바이러스 돌파현상은 2명에서 관찰되었다. 결론적으로 엔테카비어는 만성 B형 간염 환자에서 이전의 다른 뉴클레오사이드 유도체보다 좋은 치료효과 및 낮은 내성 발현율을 보이고 있다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2006

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) is known to be as a negative feedback regulator in Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling. Highly conserved SOCS box domain was cloned from a Korean malaria vector, Anopheles sinensis. Sequence analysis indicates that it has identity to Anopheles gambiae (96%), Aedes aegypti (94%), Drosophila melanogaster (78%), Mus musculus (72%) and Homo sapiens (72%), respectively. Tissue specificity RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression level of AsSOCS transcript was high at abdomen, midgut, and ovary, whereas developmental expression patterns showed that the level of AsSOCS was high at egg, early pupae, and adult female. On the other hand, RT-PCR analysis after bacterial challenge showed that SOCS mRNA was strongly induced in larvae. In addition, it was also induced by various immune elicitors such as lipoteicoic acid, CpG-DNA, and laminarin. It seems that AsSOCS, repressor of JAK-STAT pathway, is highly conserved in mosquito, and may play an important role in mosquito innate immune response.

• 대한바이러스학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.251-258
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• 1996

The V3 loop, a hypervariable domain of envelope glycoprotein, has an essential role in viral infectivity and has a major epitope for type-specific neutralizing antibody. In order to investigate genetic diversity of V3 region of gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolated from Korean patients, DNA sequences encoding the C2 to V3 region were amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 15 HIV-1 seropositive patients and nucleotide sequences were determined. All nucleotide sequences from fifteen patients were compared with 8 distinctive subtypes (A-H) and another subtype O. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out with PHYLIP ver 3.5 (Dnapars) program. Of the 15 isolates, 14 HIV-1 subjects were clustered with subtype B, while one was clustered with subtype C. Intra-subtype B distance at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid level were maximum 17.7% and 37.0%, respectively. Intra-patient distance at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid level were maximum 7.3% and 17.8%, respectively. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences revealed that Korean types have relatively well conserved sequences. These findings could be useful for assessing the source of infection and developing an AIDS vaccine.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.158-163
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• 2005

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a recently developed gene transcript suppression technique for characterizing the function of plant genes. However, efficient VIGS has only been studied in a few plant species. In order to extend the application of VIGS, we examined whether a VIGS vector based on TRV would produce recognizable phenotypes in soybean. Here, we report that VIGS using the Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) viral vector can be used in several soybean cultivars employing various agro-inoculation methods including leaf infiltration, spray inoculation, and agrodrench. cDNA fragments of the soybean phytoene desaturase(PDS) was inserted into TRV RNA-2 vector. By agrodrench, we successfully silenced the expression of PDS encoding gene in soybean. The silenced phenotype of PDS was invariably obvious 3 weeks after inoculation with the TRV-based vector. Real-time RT-PCR analyses showed that the endogenous level of GmPDS transcripts was dramatically reduced in the silenced leaf tissues. These observations confirm that the silenced phenotype is closely correlated with the pattern of tissue expression. The TRV-based VIGS using agrodrench can be applied to functional genomics in a soybean plants to study genes involved in a wide range of biological processes. To our knowledge, this is the first high frequency VIGS method in soybean plants.