• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 1992

The algorithm for obtaining the isotonic regression in simple tree order, the most basic and simplest model next to the simple order, is considered. We propose to call it "Pool-the-Maximum-Violators" algorithm (PMVA) in conjunction with the "Pool-Adjacent-Violators" algorithm (PAVA) in the simple order. The dual problem of obtaining the isotonic regression in simple tree order is our main concern. An intuitively appealing relation between the primal and the dual problems is demonstrated. The interesting difference is that in simple order the required number of pooling is at least the number of initial violating pairs and any path leads to the solution, whereas in the simple tree order it is at most the number of initial violators and there is only one advisable path although there may be some others leading to the same solution.o the same solution.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.699-709
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• 2000

The constrained maximum likelihood estimation of the number of trials in several binomial populations under order restriction, such as simple order, is discussed. The estimation procedure is based on, so called, pool adjacent violators algorithm. Three handy estimators are given and their performances are compared using an artificial example.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1159-1165
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• 2016

Traffic violations such as moving while the traffic lights are red have come from a simple omission to a premeditated act. The traffic control center cannot timely monitor all the cameras installed on the roads to trace and pursue those traffic violators. Modern vehicles are equipped and controlled by several sensors in order to support monitoring and reporting those kind of behaviors which some time end up in severe causalities. However, such applications within the vehicle environment need to provide security guaranties. In this paper, we address the limitation of previous work and present a secure and privacy preserving protocol for traffic violation reporting system in vehicular cloud environment which enables the vehicles to report the traffic violators, thus the roadside clouds collect those information which can be used as evidence to pursue the traffic violators. Particularly, we provide the unlinkability security property within the proposed protocol which also offers lightweight computational overhead compared to previous protocol. We consider the concept of conditional privacy preserving authentication without pairing operations to provide security and privacy for the reporting vehicles.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2013

To date, parking enforcement systems have only been used by parking enforcement authorities, who detect and penalize violators. This paper introduces a modified version of the parking enforcement system utilizing smartphones that allows ordinary citizens to report parking violators to parking enforcement officers. The procedures of the system are taking a picture of a vehicle in violation, receiving the violation report virtually and finally reporting if violation car still remained at same location after five minutes have passed. The proposed system contains properties for transmission and receiving data about whether the complaint report of the violator's vehicle has been received in real time. It also works in conjunction with the existing parking enforcement system. This paper describes implementation of the proposed system.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 2010

This case study investigated red light violations at CBD, suburban and rural signalized intersections in chungbuk. The goal of this study is to understanding the collection between red light violations and various driver, vehicles and environmental factors. This study uses descriptive statistics analysis and logistics analysis with SPSS 12.0 software. The major results of this study are as follows. First, red light violations occurred at rural and CBD more than suburban area. Second, About 81.1% of the violators were traveling at or below the posted speed limit. Moreover, 77.3% of the violations occurred within 2 seconds after the on set of red light. Finally, the logistic regression model, which is statistically significant(chisquare=0.000, McFadde=0.265)was developed, and includes the local type(CBD/suburban/rural), violators' gender, season, vehicle type, time of day, vehicle speed as the independent variables. In this study did not find significant relationship between red light violators' age and their driving behavior approaching signalized intersections.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.9 no.spc
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• pp.15-34
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• 2003

The present authors had conducted several researches(parking violation, traffic signal violation, speed violation, drunk-driving) on driving behaviors of the Korean people focused on cultural psychological perspective. This paper was designed to summarize these previous results. Although each research had dealt with different violation behaviors on driving, there were lots of similarities on the basis of violation. The results reveal the following rationale for incurring violation behaviors. First, most people reported that they violated the rule to pursuit short-term benefit. Second, the violators' psychological characteristics are described in terms of self-centered and self-justification. In addition, the respondents have justified their violated behaviors since the outcome is disadvantageous for the drivers. Furthermore, the violators' are found to possess a permissive attitude toward the other violators'. Finally, the implications of these studies were proposed. All of these findings were discussed in relation to the Korean culture.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.46
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• pp.113-140
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• 2016

Right to counsel means a defendant has a right to have the assistance of counsel (i.e., lawyers), and if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, requires that the government appoint one or pay the defendant's legal expenses. The right to counsel is generally regarded as a constituent of the right to a fair trial. Historically, however, not all countries have always recognized the right to counsel. The right is often included in criminal law and constitutional law etc. First, any person who is arrested or detained shall have the right to prompt assistance of counsel. When a criminal defendant is unable to secure counsel by his own efforts, the State shall assign counsel for the defendant as prescribed by act in article 12(4) of the constitutional law. Second, the defense counsel or a person who desires to be a defense counsel may have an interview with the defendant or the suspect who is placed under physical restraint, deliver or receive any documents or things and have any doctor examine and treat the defendant or the suspect in article 34 of the criminal law. Nonetheless, problems about guarantee of the rights to counsel to the national security violators like spy terrorist and etc will be important for Koreans to consider. That is because national security violators's cases are qualitatively different from general criminal offense's cases and historically, lawyer obstruct a investigation in the process of examination of a suspect for national security violators. Therefore, this study suggest a way that a restriction the rights to counsel with an attorney in cases of the national security violators. To this end, in this paper, I touch on restriction of right to counsel during interrogation in the England and Germany etc in comparison to that of Korea and review Korea's Supreme Court decision and Constitution Court decision to understand the prospective and trends for Korean investigation procedure improvement.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.53-72
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• 2009

More than 24.43 million people received a special pardon to mark the anniversary of Liberation Day on Aug. 15 and to commemorate other national event, during 15years(1995-2009), in this period six times of presidential pardon was implemented. The special pardon allows traffic law violator to drive again with their violation records wiped clean. But traffic records show that traffic accidents used to increase very fast in a short period by up to 3-15 percent after implementing the every massive pardons. This study explores the causal feedback relationship between presidential special pardon for traffic law violators and the occurrence of an traffic accidents using a system thinking approach and simulation modelling. Particularly, this study focused on the analysing significant negative impact of the traffic pardon on the occurrence of worrisome traffic accidents. The results of this study show that presidential special pardon have had impact on the traffic accidents as a increasing leverage of positive feedback loop and the obedience of traffic law as a decreasing leverage of negative feedback loop. Finally, this study conclude that the cyclical increasing pattern of traffic accident is resulting from the periodically conducted presidential pardons with political aims.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 2016

Speeding is an important factor in traffic safety. Speed not only affects crash severity, but is also related to the possibility of crash occurrence. This study presents results from an analysis of 27,968 speed violation cases collected from 36 red light and speed enforcement cameras at signalized intersections in the city of Cheongju. Data included details of their violation history such as speeding tickets within a recent 3-year span and their demographic characteristics. The goal of this analysis is to understand the correlation between speed violations and various factors in terms of humans, vehicles and road environments. This study used descriptive statistics and Binary Logistics Regression(BLR) analysis with SPSS 20.0 software. The major results of this study are as follows. First, speed violations occurred at rural and suburban area. Second, about 25.6% of the violators committed to more than 20km/h over a speed limit. Third, the difference between speed violators and normal drivers clearly appeared in location of intersection(urban/rural/suburban area), gender and age. Finally, a statistically significant model(Hosmer and Lemeshow test: 11.586, p-value: 0.171) was developed through the BLR.

• Journal of East-Asian Urban History
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.83-120
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• 2021

This article analyzes the publicness of early modern cities and the character of samurai residences as urban dwellers through the water supply and use of the Edo period in Japan. Firstly, in Edo, a megacity with a population of about one million, the Shogunate organized samurai residences (mainly those of feudal lords, Daimyo) into geographical organizations, and samurai residences paid for the repair of water facility and the water fee, just the same as the townspeople. Next, in Fukui (provincial castle town), samurai residence (Daimyo's vassal) organization for waterway didn't exist. The samurai residences were relieved of the burden of maintaining the waterways due to poverty. And, before the later Edo period, samurai vassals were not punished for violating the rules on water use, but they were eventually included in the punishment. The gap in feudal status between samurai and townspeople narrowed. It was a process of creating a modern urban society composed of equal dwellers. Although Edo and Fukui belonged to the same category as castle towns, the urban publicness and the position of samurai residences were different due to their dissimilar political positions as the Shogunate capital city and the Daimyo's provincial castle town.