• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.46-53
• /
• 1995

The anatomy of Korean diffuse-porous woods, 36 families, 75 genera, 145 species, 215 specimens was described and analyzed. Sixteen wood anatomical characters, habit and phenology factors were determined by simple correlation and principal component analysis. Strong positive correlations were found between vessel element length and fiber length, ray width and ray height, simple pits of fiber wall and paratracheal parenchyma distribution. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) disclose the primitive characteristics and the direction of xylem evolution of Korean diffuse-porous woods. The xylem evolution scenario for Korean dicotyledonous woods is considered to be developed in the direction of decreasing trends of vessel frequency, vessel element length, and length/diameter(L/D) ratio of vessel element but increasing trends of vessel diameter, fiber length/vessel element length(F/V) ratio, libriform wood fibers, simple perforation, and homogeneous ray composition. Increase of vessel diameter and decrease of vessel frequency seem to be related to the improvement of conductive efficiency, and increase of the vessel element length and occurrence of scalariform perforation in vessel element may be related to enhanced of conductive safety. Also the libriform wood fibers and ray features appear to have relationship with mechanical support and nutrient metabolism, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 1996

The frequency distribution diagrams of Korean diffuse-porous woods, 36 families, 75 genera, 145 species, 215 specimens in relation to habit and phenology were analyzed. As the habit character changes from shrub to tree, such quantitative features as vessel frequency, percentage of solitary vessels, length/diameter(L/D) ratio of vessel element decreased but tangential vessel diameter, fiber length/vessel element length(F/V) ratio increased. Qualitative features such as helical vessel wall thickening, diffuse distribution of longitudinal parenchyma, heterogeneous ray composition decreased, while alternate intervessel pits, libriform wood fiber, simple perforations increase. As the phenology character changes from evergreen to deciduous species, such quantitative features as percentage of solitary vessels, vessel element length and L/D ratio decreased but tangential vessel diameter, F/V ratio increased. Diffuse distribution of longitudinal parenchyma, heterogeneous ray composition, and crystals in qualitative features decreased, while alternate intervessel pits, libriform wood fiber, simple perforation of vessel element, ray width and ray height increased.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.295-301
• /
• 2016

In this study, relationship between seed origin and growth rate of Alnus glutinosa from different seed collection (Yugoslovia, ltaly, United Kingdom, Bulgaria) was investigated with focused on anatomical properties as wood fiber length, vessel element length and diameter. Alnus glutinosa showed diffuse-porous wood with scalariform perforation in alternate pitting. Ray height was 9~11 in tangential section and ray number were 16~26 in cross section. There were no differences on latewood focused on wood fiber length, length and diameter of vessel element, but difference on earlywood. Other than Yugoslavian seed, there was better growth rate with shorter wood fiber and vessel element length on latewood. However, seed from Yugoslovain showed better growth rate with longer wood fiber and vessel element length than other 3 seed orgins.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the variations of dimension and exterior shape of vessel elements, morphology of spiral thickening and ray-vessel pit in korean diffuse-porous woods (56 species, 18 families), The tangential pore diameter and vessel element length was increased, whereas the pore number per unit area($1mm^2$) was decreased from pith outwards. The tangential pore diameter was decreased but the length of vessel element was not changed from earlywood to latewood within an annual ring. However, the dimensional variations of vessel element was not able to be recognized among relative positions in peripheral variation. The exterior shape of vessel element could be classified into four types; Type 1 is without tail, Type 2 with ligulate tail, Type 3 with broad taper tail and Type 4 with the very short length between perforations. The distribution frequency of Type 2 and 3 was relatively high in comparision with the others. According to the prominence, distribution position and branched shape, the spiral thickenings could be divided into five types. The spiral thickenings occurred 52% in the species observed. Thus it was doubtful to consider the simple presence of spiral thickening as diagnostic index in diffuse-porous woods. The morphology of ray-vessel pit could be grouped as reticulate, scalariform, oval, linear and coalescent type. Most of species examined showed oval and linear type.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.9-20
• /
• 1985

Dimensional variation of secondary xylem elements, such as vessel element and fiber, was investigated in root, stem and branch of Alnus hirsuta and A. firma. It is clear that vessel diameter in the root is the widest, next in the stem, and the least in the branch. Length of vessel element among them becomes, however, larger in following sequence; stem, root, and branch, whereas fiber diameter and length are the widest in the root, the second in the stem, and the least in the branch. The size of secondary xylem element at any one level in tree increases from the center (pith) of the organs through a number of annual rings to the outer.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.421-428
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between anatomical characteristics and growth rate of Quercus rubra from different origins of seed. Anatomical characteristics showed that all Quercus rubra species were ring-porous woods with 1~3 layers of large pores in earlywood, but the latewood had small pores oriented in radial direction. There were slight differences in libriform fiber length and vessel element diameter in the earlywood among different provenance origins of seeds. In growth rate, the libriform fiber length and vessel element diameter was negative correlation in the earlywood, but not correlative in the latewood, and vessel element length was not correlative in the early and latewood, Volumetric composition of libriform fiber and ray in latewood was higher than those in ear lywood, and a higher composition of vessel element was observed in earlywood. Ray height was the range of from 11 to 15 cells.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.622-627
• /
• 2001

The object of this paper is to compare stress intensity factor that be calculated by Raju-Newman's equation, finite element method, and Vessel INTegrity analysis inner flaws(VINTIN) program for longitudinal semi-elliptical cracks in cylindrical vessel under inner pressure. For this, three-dimensional finite-element analyses were performed to obtain the stress intensity factors for various surface cracks with t/R = 0.1. The finite element meshes were designed for various crack shapes with t/R of 0.1. The crack depth to thickness ratio, a/t, was set to 0.2 and 0.5 matching Raju-Newman's equation. The crack depth to length ratio, a/c, was set to 0.2 and 0.4 in the same way and 0.33 was added to extend the range of crack configuration. Finite Element Analyses(FEA) were performed using the commercial FEA program ABAQUS. The results showed that the Raiu-Newman solutions were about 4-10% lower than FEA's using symmetric model of one-eighth of a vessel and close to those of FEA using symmetric model or one-forth or a vessel. Ana VINTIN solutions were nearly equal to those or Raju-Newman.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 1997

The lengths of fibers and vessel elements, vessel diameters, and ray spacings of tension and opposite woods in Quercus mongolica Fischer and their radial variations were examined. Crystallinity indices and crystallites orientations of tension, opposite and lateral woods were also investigated. The lengths of fibers and vessel elements, and ray spacings of tension wood were longer and denser than those of opposite wood, respectively. In the latewood, the vessels of tension wood had a little larger diameters than those of opposite wood. whereas the vessel diameters of earlywood were similar in both woods. With the exception of vessel diameters of earlywood, there were differences between tension and opposite woods in all anatomical characteristics examined. In the radial variation pattern, the fiber lengths of both woods increased markedly to about 15th annual ring and thereafter remained virtually constant. The vessel element lengths of earlywood in tension wood increased to certain annual ring and thereafter were stabilized, but opposite wood had a relatively constant trend from pith to bark. Those of late wood in both woods increased to certain annual ring and thereafter showed constant patterns. Vessel diameters appeared to show similar trend in both woods. Ray spacings decreased to about 15 annual ring and thereafter were stabilized in both woods. In the fine structures, tension wood had higher crystallinity index and better crystallites orientation than opposite and lateral woods.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.490-497
• /
• 2010

Radial variations in the lengths of wood fibers and vessel elements in the stem of chestnut (Castanea crenata) grown in Korea were investigated to get some fundamental information for efficient use of wood. Seven chestnut cultivars (Tanzawa, Ibuki, Arima, Ginyose, Tsukuba, Riheiguri, and Mansung) were examined in this study. The lengths of wood fibers and vessel elements were measured and analyzed by an optical microscope and an imaging analysis system. In all chestnut cultivars, the wood fiber length of latewood was longer than that of earlywood, and increased with the increase of growth ring number. Similarly, vessel element length of latewood was longer than that of earlywood, and showed increasing tendency with the increase of growth ring number. Consequently, it was considered that the lengths of wood fibers and vessel elements could be used for separating juvenile wood from adult wood in the chestnut stem.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.138-146
• /
• 2014

Stem and root of Lindera erythrocarpa were described and compared in the wood anatomical aspects. Root wood appeared to differ from stem wood in the qualitative features of growth ring boundary, extraneous materials in vessel element and ray parenchyma cell, outline of ray, and sheath cell. In the quantitative features, there were differences between these two tissues in vessels per square millimeter, tangential diameter of vessel lumina, length of vessel element, and width of ray. These wood anatomical differences between stem above ground and root below ground were thought to be attributed to their different growth environments.