• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.189-193
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• 1993

Cisplatin is useful for various cancers including advanced testicular and ovarian cancers. However, clinical use of cisplatin has been limited due to its dose-related neplrotoxicity. Transport studies across the membrane vesicles were performed to study the cisplatin nephrotoxicity. In these experiments, after cisplatin was administered to adult male New Zealand White rabbits, basolateral membrane (BLM) vesicles were prepared from the renal cortex. Para-aminohippurate (PAH) uptakes through BLM vesicles were measured to examine the interactioln of cisplatin on the transports of the substrates. As results of the uptake experiments using the vesicle systems, cisplatin had little effects on PAH transport through BLM vesicle. In conclusion, cisplatin did not cause the damage of basolateral membranes.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.380-387
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• 2004

The preparation of $CaSO_4$ nanoparticle by vesicles formed spontaneously in cationic OTAC and anionic ADS mixed surfactant solution whose ratio is 0.3/0.7 is investigated. Added electrolytes for preparing nanoparticles reduce vesicle size about 200-300 nm comparing with that of pure vesicle whose size is 700-800 nm by DLS. The core of vesicles has 200 nm size and acts as nanoreactors which same size of monodisperse $CaSO_4$ nanopaticles are formed. Although $CaSO_4$ particles are formed at the outer of vesicles, they are very large and amorphous. The formed particles are identified with XRD analysis after separation due to coinciding with $CaSO_4$ particles.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.231-236
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• 2013

Some cytotoxicity studies for the interpretation of the interaction between nanoparticles and cells are non-mechanistic and time-consuming. Therefore, non-biological screening methods, which are faster and simpler than in-vivo and in-vitro methods, are required as alternatives to current cytotoxicity tests. Here, we proposed a simple screening method for the analysis of the interaction between several AgNPs (bare-, citrate-, and polyvinylpyrrolidone-coating) and dye-containing vesicles acting as a biomimetic cell-membrane. The interaction between AgNPs and vesicles could be evaluated readily by UV-vis spectra. Absorbance deviation in UV-vis spectra revealed a large attraction between neighboring particles and vesicles. This was confirmed by (Derjagin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek) theory and DMF (dark-field microscopy) analysis. This proposed method might be useful for analyzing the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles with cell-membranes instead of in vitro or in vivo cytotoxicity tests.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.154-158
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• 1984

In order to characterize the permeability of small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), efflux of 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) from the vesicles was monitored spectrophotofluorometrically. Since the entrapped highly quenched 6-CF (200 mM) became fluorescent upon release from the vesicles, the 6-CF could be used as an efflux probe. SUV containing entrapped 6-CF was prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine and separated by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. Observed change of relative fluorescent intensity with time was sigmoidal. From this curve, the parameter of permeability was determined either by half-time or a released amount per unit time from the initial slope. Half-time of efflux of prepared SUV having 302 ng phospholipid/ml in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4 was 21.0 min at $37{\circ}C$. Various factors which could affect the half-time were examined including temperature, pH, salt, and vesicle concentration. In particular the effect of vesicle concentration on the efflux revealed that the permeability can be a function of the concentration.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.335-340
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• 2023

During normal physiological and abnormal pathophysiological conditions, all cells release membrane vesicles, termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). Growing evidence has revealed that EVs act as important messengers in intercellular communication. EVs play emerging roles in cellular responses and the modulation of immune responses during virus infection. EVs contribute to triggering antiviral responses to restrict virus infection and replication. Conversely, the role of EVs in the facilitation of virus spread and pathogenesis has been widely documented. Depending on the cell of origin, EVs carry effector functions from one cell to the other by horizontal transfer of their bioactive cargoes, including DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. The diverse constituents of EVs can reflect the altered states of cells or tissues during virus infection, thereby offering a diagnostic readout. The exchanges of cellular and/or viral components by EVs can inform the therapeutic potential of EVs for infectious diseases. This review discusses recent advances of EVs to explore the complex roles of EVs during virus infection and their therapeutic potential, focusing on HIV-1.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.679-684
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• 2017

Hydrated liquid crystalline vesicles incorporating a edge activator, which confers flexibility to the vesicle membranes, were prepared and niacinamide was encapsulated in them. The formation of liquid crystalline phases and their thermal phase transitions were investigated by polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Droplet sizes of the vesicles were reduced to several tens of nanometers by incorporating edge activators, such as sodium deoxycholate, lysolecithin, or polysorbate 80. The amount of niacinamide permeated into a pig skin increased greatly using the hydrated liquid crystalline vesicles compared to the case where niacinamide was applied in an aqueous solution state. The vesicles incorporating 10% sodium deoxycholate increased the amount of niacinamide permeated nearly four times. These results suggest that edge activators are effective in improving the skin permeability of vesicles.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.377-384
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• 1997

To investigate the properties of ryanodine binding sites of the bird skeletal SR vesicles, SDS PAGE, purification of RyR, and $[^3H]ryanodine$ binding study were carried out in the SR vesicles prepared from the chicken pectoral muscle. The chicken SR vesicles have two high molecular weight (HMW) protein bands as in eel SR vesicles on SDS PAGE. The HMW bands on SDS PAGE were found in the $[^3H]ryanodine$ peak fraction $(Fr_{3-5})$ obtained from the purification step of the ryanodine receptor protein. Bmax and KD of the chicken $[^3H]ryanodine$ binding sites were 12.52 pmol/mg protein and 14.53 nM, respectively. Specific $[^3H]ryanodine$ binding was almost maximal at $50{\sim}100$ ${\mu}M$ $Ca^{2+}$, but was not increased by 5 mM AMP and not inhibited by high $Ca^{2+}$. Binding was significantly inhibited by $20{\sim}100$ ${\mu}M$ ruthenium red and 1 mM tetracaine, but slightly inhibited by $Mg^{2+}$. From the above results, it is suggested that chicken SR vesicles have the ryanodine binding sites to which the binding of ryanodine is almost maximal at $50{\sim}10$ ${\mu}M$ $Ca^{2+}$, is significantly inhibited by ruthenium red and tetracaine, slightly inhibited by $Mg^{2+}$, but not affected by AMP and not inhibited by high $Ca^{2+}$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.487-496
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• 2000

Insulin stimulates glucose transport in muscle and fat cells by promoting the translocation of glucose transporter (GLUT4) to the cell surface. Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) has been implicated in this process. However, the involvement of protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt and $PKC-{\zeta}$, those are known as the downstream target of PI3-kinase in regulation of GLUT4 translocation, is not known yet. An interesting possibility is that these protein kinases phosphorylate GLUT4 directly in this process. In the present study, $PKB-{\alpha}$ and $PKC-{\zeta}$ were added exogenously to GLUT4-containing vesicles purified from low density microsome (LDM) of the rat adipocytes by immunoadsorption and immunoprecipitation for direct phosphorylation of GLUT4. Interestingly GLUT4 was phosphorylated by $PKC-{\zeta}$ and its phosphorylation was increased in insulin stimulated state but GLUT4 was not phosphorylated by $PKB-{\alpha}.$ However, the GST-fusion proteins, GLUT4 C-terminal cytoplasmic domain (GLUT4C) and the entire major GLUT4 cytoplasmic domain corresponding to N-terminus, central loop and C-terminus in tandem (GLUT4NLC) were phosphorylated by both $PKB-{\alpha}$ and $PKC-{\zeta}.$ The immunoblots of $PKC-{\zeta}$ and $PKB-{\alpha}$ antibodies with GLUT4-containing vesicles preparation showed that $PKC-{\zeta}$ was co-localized with the vesicles but not $PKB-{\alpha}.$ From the above results, it is clear that $PKC-{\zeta}$ interacts with GLUT4-containing vesicles and it phosphorylates GLUT4 protein directly but $PKB-{\alpha}$ does not interact with GLUT4, suggesting that insulin-elicited signals that pass through PI3-kinase subsequently diverge into two independent pathways, an Akt pathway and a $PKC-{\zeta}$ pathway, and that later pathway contributes, at least in part, insulin stimulation of GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes via a direct GLUT4 phosphorylation.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2011

Degree of unsaturation in fatty acid molecules plays an important role in the formation of vesicles. Vesicle formation from C18 fatty acids with different amount of double bonds such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid with the incorporation of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DPPE-PEG2000) have been examined by TEM. Critical vesicular concentrations (CVC) of the vesicle suspension are determined by turbidity and surface tension methods. The CVC of fatty acids increases when the amount of unsaturation in the alkyl chain increases. On the other hand, stability of vesicle suspension has been examined by using particle size and zeta potential at $30^{\circ}C$. There was a dramatic decrease in particle size measurement from mono-unsaturation to tri-unsaturation which could be due to the effect of fluidity in the membrane bilayer caused by different degree of unsaturation. The values of zeta potential for vesicles that were formed without the incorporation of DPPE-PEG2000 were in the range of -70 mV to -100 mV. It has been observed that the incorporation of DPPEPEG2000 to the vesicle reduces the magnitude of zeta potential. However, this phenomenon does not obviously seen in fatty acid vesicles formed by linoleate-linoleic acid and linolenate-linolenic acid. We therefore conclude that the addition of DPPE-PEG2000 does not effectively improve the stability of the linoleate-linoleic acid and linolenatelinolenic acid vesicle at pH 9.0 after the evaluation of their particle size and zeta potential over a period of 30 days. Although the vesicles formed were not stable for more than 10 days, they have displayed the potential in encapsulating the active ingredients such as vitamin E and calcein. The results show that the loading efficiencies of vitamin E are of encouraging value.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.720-726
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• 2022

The behavior changes of the lipid bilayer, induced by the hydroxybutyric-acid incorporation, were investigated with respect to each phase of the layer using fluorescence intensity change. Spherical phospholipid bilayers, called vesicles, were prepared using an emulsion technique. Only in the aqueous inside of the vesicles was encapsulated 8-Aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic-acid-disodium-salt(ANTS). p-Xylene-bis-N-pyridinium-bromide(DPX) was included as a quencher only outside of the vesicles. The fluorescence scale was calibrated with the ANTS-encapsulated vesicles in DPX-dispersed-buffer taken as 100% and the mixture of ANTS and DPX in the buffer as 0%. Hydroxybutyric-acid addition into the vesicle solution led the change in the bilayer. The change was found to be related to the phase of each layer according to the ratio of hydroxybutyric-acid to lipid. These results seem to depend on the stability of the vesicles, due to the osmotic and volumetric effects on the arrangement in both head-group and tail-group.