• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

The distribution of the bile and hepatic ducts within the liver of 24 Korean native cattle were observed. Vinylite solution was injected into common bile ducts on 13 cases for cast preparation. The angiography was prepared in 11 cases which were injected 30% barium sulfate solution into the common bile ducts and then radiographed on X-ray apparatus. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The dorsal, intermediate and ventral ducts of left hepatic lobes, ducts of quadrate lobes, and ducts of papillary process were collected into left hepatic ducts. The dorsal and ventral ducts of right hepatic lobe, ducts of caudate process and papillary process were collected into right hepatic ducts. 2. The bile ducts in the left hepatic lobes were collected into dorsal, ventral and intermediate ducts of left hepatic lobes. The intermediate ducts of left hepatic lobes was absent in some cases(5 cases, 20.83%). 3. In some cases, the ventral ducts of right hepatic lobes were collected into right hepatic ducts directly. 4. The ducts of quadate lobes were collected into left hepatic ducts(8 cases, 33.33%), ventral ducts of left hepatic lobes(13 cases, 54.17%), and dorsal duct of left hepatic lobes, intermediate and ventral ducts of left hepatic lobe, common trunk collected into intermediate and ventral duct of left hepatic lobe and left hepatic duct(1 cases, 4.17%) respectively. 5. The ducts of papillary process were collected into left and right hepatic ducts(12 cases, 50%), left hepatic ducts only(11 cases, 45.83%) or right hepatic duct only(1 cases, 4.17%). 6. The average length of right hepatic ducts was 26.87(6-45.8)mm. The average length of left hepatic ducts was 56.68(6-127)mm. The length of gallbladder was 128.60(104-160)mm on the average. The breadth of gallbladder was 67.16(38.4-153.4)mm on the average. But there was a difference in the length and the breadth according to the quantity of bile. 7. The ramified angles of dorsal, intermediate and ventral ducts of left hepatic lobes, ducts of quadrate lobes, ducts of papillary processes and caudate processes, dorsal and ventral ducts of right hepatic lobes and cystic ducts were 130-170, 160-200, 190-250, 240-300, 90-140, 320-350, 30-100, 270-330 and 240-300 degrees respectively.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.119-122
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• 1983

Paravertebral anesthesia for operation of abdominal wall in Korean cattle were effectively accomplished with the following technique. Any problems in surgical procedure were not observed under the block of ventral branches of the last thoracic nerve and the first and second lumbar nerves with the administration of preanesthetic. The site of injection for blocking of ventral branches of the thirteenth thoracic nerve were approximately 5cm lateral to the midline from the posterior edge of spinous process of the 13th thoracic vertebra and about 10ml of local anesthetic was injected immediately anterior to the transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra through thin site. The block of ventral branches of the first and second lumbar nerves were obtained by injecting 10ml of local anesthetic immediately below the posterior edge of transverse process of the 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebra, respectively.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2006

한국산 칼납자루의 암컷은 산란시기가 되면 배지느러미 기부 부근에 돌출되어 신장되어 나타나는 배측융기가 형성된다. 이러한 배측융기는 직장(항문)부분과 내측산란관으로 구성되었다. 직장은 점막층, 점막하층, 근육층과 이들을 둘러싸는 다층의 표층으로 구성되어 있으며 특히 점막층에는 산성 점액다당류인 점액세포가 존재한다. 한편 내측산란관은 직장과 비슷한 구조를 가지고 있으나 점막층에는 점액세포가 존재하지 않는 특징을 보였다. 한편 외측산란관은 배측융기와 연결되지 않아 가늘고, 긴 관의 형태를 보이고 있으나 내측산란관과 달리 근육층이 존재하지 않아 점막층, 점막하층, 다층의 표피층으로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 결과로 보아 근육층을 가지는 내측산란관은 성숙란을 외측산란관으로 내보기 위해 연동운동과 관련있는 반면에 외측산란관은 근육층이 존재하지 않아 내측산란관으로부터 방출된 성숙란을 단지 이매패 속으로 전달하는 단순한 관의 역할을 하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 1995

참굴큰입흡충(GMmophoHo썼esseoi)의 피낭유충 및 성충의 표피 미세구조를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 피낭유충은 큰 구흡반과 측면돌기를 가지고 있었으며, 크기가 다른 두 종류의 제1형 감각유두가 구흡반 구순을 따라 원을 이루며 분포하고 있었다. 또, 제1형 감각유두가 유충의 복측 양쪽으로 일렬로 길게 배열되어 있었다. 복흡반의 전방에 위치한 ventral pit는 근육성으로 잘 발달하였고 제1형 감각유두가 밀집해 있었다. 복흡반의 구순에는 제1형 감각유두가 분포하였다. 피극은 구흡반과 복흡반 사이의 복측 중앙부를 제외한 전 표피에 분포하였으며 구흡반 주위에는 3-5분지된 피극이 덮혀 있었으나 후방으로 갈수록 피극의 크기와 밀도가 감소하였다. 감염 3일된 성충은 양 말 단이 뽀쪽한 마름모 모양이었으며 감각유두의 분포는 피낭유충에서 관찰되는 양상과 비슷하였으나 피낭유충에서 관찰런 일렬로 배일과 감각유두는 관찰되지 않았다. 피극은 피낭유충의 경우보다 크기가 더 커지고 많이 분지되었다. Ventral pit는 성충이 되면서 현저하게 발달하였으며 감각유두의 수도 증가하였다. 참굴큰입흡충의 표피 미세구조는 나경흡충과(나경흡충과)의 충체들과 차이점이 있었으며. 피낭유충과 성충의 미세구조의 차이가 뚜렷하지 않은 점은 광학현미경에서 관찰된 양상과 비슷하였다. 또 ventral pit의 모양과 감각유두의 분포로 보아 충체가 기생부위에 흡착할 때 역할을 할 것으로 생각되나 주사전자현미경 소견만으로는 정확한 기능을 추측하기 어려웠다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2022

It is well known that dopamine transmission from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) modulates motivated behavior and reinforcement learning. Although dopaminergic neurons are the major type of VTA neurons, recent studies show that a significant proportion of the VTA contains GABAergic and type 2 vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2)-positive neurons. The non-dopaminergic neurons are also critically involved in regulating motivated behaviors. Some VTA neurons appear to co-release two different types of neurotransmitters. They are VGLUT2-DA neurons, VGLUT2-GABA neurons and GABA-DA neurons. These co-releasing neurons show distinct features compared to the neurons that release a single neurotransmitter. Here, we review how VTA cell populations wire to the other brain regions and how these projections differentially contribute to motivated behavior through the distinct molecular mechanism. We summarize the activities, projections and functions of VTA neurons concerning motivated behavior. This review article discriminates VTA cell populations related to the motivated behavior based on the neurotransmitters they release and extends the classical view of the dopamine-mediated reward system.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.503-508
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• 2018

Objective : Anterior odontoid screw fixation is a safe and effective method for the treatment of odontoid fractures. The surgical technique is recommended for perforation of the apical cortex of the dens by the lag screw. However, overpenetration of the apical cortex may lead to potentially serious complications such as damages of adjacent vascular and neural structures. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scan to evaluate the safe margin beyond dens tip to ventral dura for anterior odontoid screw fixation. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the three-dimensional CT scans of the cervical spines in 55 consecutive patients at our trauma center. The patients included 38 males and 17 females aged between 22 and 73 years (mean age${\pm}$standard deviation, $45.8{\pm}14.2years$). Using sagittal images of 3-dimensional CT scan, the safe margins beyond dens tip to ventral dura as well as the appropriate screw length were measured. Results : The mean width of the apical dens tip was $9.6{\pm}1.1mm$. The mean lengths from the screw entry point to the apical dens tip and posterior end of dens tip were $39.2{\pm}2.6mm$ and $36.6{\pm}2.4mm$. The safe margin beyond apical dens tip to ventral dura was $7.7{\pm}1.7mm$. However, the safe margin beyond the posterior end of dens tip to ventral dura was decreased to $2.1{\pm}3.2mm$, which was statistically significant (p<0.01). There were no significant differences of safe margins beyond dens tip to ventral dura with patient gender and age. Conclusion : Extension by several millimeters beyond the dens tip is safe, if the trajectory of anterior odontoid screw is targeted at the apical dens tip. However, if the trajectory of the screw is targeted to the posterior end of dens tip, extension beyond dens tip may lead to damage immediately adjacent to the vental dura mater.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.225-228
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• 2009

Purpose: Urethral reconstruction following failed hypospadias repair is difficult because of a severe shortage of the skin on ventral surface of the penis. We experienced a successful reconstruction of a failed hypospadias repair using the radial forearm free flap. So we present our case. Methods: A 16 - year - old boy had a proximal shaft hypospadias and had been taken a transverse preputial island flap but it completely broke down. There was no spare skin on the shaft of the penis. So we reconstructed a neo - urethra and the ventral skin of the penis with the radial forearm free flap. Results: Postoperatively he made relatively good process. The urethral catheter was maintained for 10 days and self - voiding was started. The suprapubic catheter was removed at the postoperative 30th day after control of cystitis. The postoperative appearance of the penis is acceptable and a straight erection is achieved. Conclusion: In the scarred penis with hypospadias, the radial forearm free flap transfer is a reliable reconstructive method for the neo - urethra and the ventral skin of the penis.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2006

A new halacarid species, Agaue laeviunguis n. sp. from Youngil Bay, Pohang City, South Korea is described. In sharing the character combination of three dorsal setae on PE, lacking dorsal seta anterior to insertion of leg IV, three ventral setae on PE, female PGS adjacent to GF, telofemora devoid of fovea, well developed smooth cerotegumental lamella on all telofemora, presence of accessory process on all lateral claws, long gnathosoma, and a smooth seta on P2 in both sexes, this species resembles A. subglabra Bartsch from Australia. The species, however, is clearly distinguished from A. subglabra by its larger body, claws of tarsi II-IV without ventral pecten, and much more PGS in female. Description of proto- and deutonymphs are also provided.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 1995

A new haplosplanchnid cercaria, Cercaria kuwaitae VI sp. n., was found in the prosobranch snail Cerithidea cincingulata in the Kuwait Bay Details are presented on the morphology and behavior of the cercaria and the encystment process. The new cercaria is a biocellate, distome, with a prominent single sac-like intestinal cecum extending well posterior to the ventral sucker and develops in simple sporocysts. It differs from known haplosplanchnid cercariae in the absence of finger-like processes on the tail, and the presence of V-shaped excretory vesicle extending beyond ventral sucker and the presence of cervical glands. The surface topography of the cercaria and its sporocyst is examined by scanning electron microscopy. This is the first haplosplanchnid cercaria to be described from a Cerithidea species.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 1989

이락촌폐흡충(Paragonimus iloktsuenensis)의 성장 발육에 따른 표피 미세구조의 변화를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 충체는 말똥게(Sesarma dehaani)에서 분리한 피낭유충과 흰쥐 감염 후 5∼4주에 얻은 유약충 및 감염 8주에 얻은 성충을 대상으로 하였다. 탈낭한 피낭유충은 작은 표주박 모양으로 전신이 상모양의 피극(tegumental spine)으로 덮혀 있었다. 대형의 제 II형 감각 유두(large, non-ciliated round swelling)가 구흡반 주위에 11∼12개, 복흡반 주위에 6∼8개 배열되어 있었다. 감염 2주의 유약충은 홀쭉하고 긴 모양이었고 피극이 피낭유충 보다 덜 밀생하고 있었으며 피극 끝이 2개로 갈라진 것도 관찰되었다. 많은 제 I형 감각 유두 (ciliated knob-like papillae)가 구흡반 주위에 분포하며 대형의 제 II형 감각 유두가 복흡반 주위에서 관찰되었다. 감염 4주의 유약충은 몸체가 두꺼워졌고 표피에는 3∼5개씩 군집된 피극들이 관찰되었다. 구흡반 및 복홉반 주위에는 제 I형 감각 유두와 소형의 제 II형 감각 유두가 분포하고 있었다. 감염 8주 된 성충은 매우 두꺼운 몸체를 보였고 곰의 발톱처럼 생긴(bearfoot-like) 피극이 전신의 표피에 밀생하고 있었다. 특히 배측에는 자갈 모양의 세포 돌기(cobblestone-like cytoplasmic process) 들이 잘 발달되어 있었고 많은 피극들이 여기에 매몰되어 있는 것이 관찰되었다. 이 연구에서는 이락촌폐흡충이 피낭유충에서 유약충 및 성충으로 성장함에 따라 그 표피의 형태 및 구조도 점차적으로 바뀌며 계속 분화되어 간다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.