• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2009

Taste is associated with hedonic evaluation as well as recognition of quality and intensity. Taste information is sent to the cortical gustatory area in a chemotopical manner to be processed for discrimination of taste quality. It is also conveyed to the reward system and feeding center via the prefrontal cortices. The amygdala, which receives taste inputs, also influences reward and feeding. In terms of neuroactive substances, palatability is closely related to benzodiazepine derivatives and $\beta$-endorphin, both of which facilitate consumption of food and fluid. The reward system contains the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum and finally sends information to the lateral hypothalamic area, the feeding center. The dopaminergic system originating from the ventral tegmental area mediates the motivation to consume palatable food. The actual ingestive behavior is promoted by the orexigenic neuropeptides from the hypothalamus. Even palatable food can become aversive and avoided as a consequence of postingestional unpleasant experience such as malaise. The brain mechanism of these aspects of taste is elucidated.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.454-457
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• 2010

Pure ventral midline giant schwannoma is an extremely rare entity. Spinal intradural extramedullary schwannomas commonly occur posterolateral or anterolateral to the spinal cord. A case of a pure midline ventrally situated giant pan cervical extramedullary schwannoma in an 18-year-old male patient with compressive myelopathy and sphincter involvement is presented. Spinal MR imaging showed a midline ventrally situated extramedullary tumor with severe spinal cord compression extending from clivus to C7 vertebra. It was resected through a posterolateral approach. Histology was consistent with a schwannoma. Post operative MR imaging showed no evidence of the tumor. The radiological features, pathogenesis and surgical strategies in management of these difficult tumors are discussed and the relevant literature is briefly reviewed.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.1049-1056
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• 1999

Anatomical and histological changes were studied in the dorsal, ventral, third and splenic lobes of the pancreas of the chicken embryos (8 days of incubation, 10 days of incubation to hatching). From 13 days of incubation, all four pancreatic lobes, namely, dorsal, ventral, third and splenic lobes were observed. Histologically, the pancreas of 10-14 days of incubation were consisted of mesenchymal tissue, exocrine acini and pancreatic islets. But mesenchymal tissues were disappeared from 15 days of incubation. The pancreatic ducts were observed from 14 days of incubation. The dark and light typed pancreatic islets were observed in splenic lobe from 13 days of incubation, in the third lobe from 11 days of incubation, and in the dorsal lobe from 13 days of incubation. But no dark typed islets were observed in the ventral lobes.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.119-122
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• 1983

Paravertebral anesthesia for operation of abdominal wall in Korean cattle were effectively accomplished with the following technique. Any problems in surgical procedure were not observed under the block of ventral branches of the last thoracic nerve and the first and second lumbar nerves with the administration of preanesthetic. The site of injection for blocking of ventral branches of the thirteenth thoracic nerve were approximately 5cm lateral to the midline from the posterior edge of spinous process of the 13th thoracic vertebra and about 10ml of local anesthetic was injected immediately anterior to the transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra through thin site. The block of ventral branches of the first and second lumbar nerves were obtained by injecting 10ml of local anesthetic immediately below the posterior edge of transverse process of the 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebra, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.307-312
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• 2022

It is well known that dopamine transmission from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) modulates motivated behavior and reinforcement learning. Although dopaminergic neurons are the major type of VTA neurons, recent studies show that a significant proportion of the VTA contains GABAergic and type 2 vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2)-positive neurons. The non-dopaminergic neurons are also critically involved in regulating motivated behaviors. Some VTA neurons appear to co-release two different types of neurotransmitters. They are VGLUT2-DA neurons, VGLUT2-GABA neurons and GABA-DA neurons. These co-releasing neurons show distinct features compared to the neurons that release a single neurotransmitter. Here, we review how VTA cell populations wire to the other brain regions and how these projections differentially contribute to motivated behavior through the distinct molecular mechanism. We summarize the activities, projections and functions of VTA neurons concerning motivated behavior. This review article discriminates VTA cell populations related to the motivated behavior based on the neurotransmitters they release and extends the classical view of the dopamine-mediated reward system.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2006

Cryptocercus nymphs periodically groom ventral surface of their parents. The grooming might be licking-behavior to obtain secretions from the ventral surface of their parents, and some essential nutrients or hormones that facilitate nymphal development might be included in the secretions. We tried to find morphological structures for secretion outlets on the ventral surface. The deep depressions around setae were present, and their shape was an external morphological structure that liquid secretions from internal glands are likely to be well seized. There were also small holes on the depressions that might be external openings for secretions from the sternal glands. Another possible region on body surface for outlets of secretions might be the apophyses. In Cryptocercus individuals, mucous liquid on body surface was relatively highly present around coxa. The intercoxal apodemes, to which muscles are attached and which open externally between the mid and hindcoxae, might have evolved a secondary function of producing nourishment for the young.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.209-215
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• 2006

Two rare ciliates from soil under the oak tree and mosses in the top of mountain in Korea were identified as Gonostomum algicola Gellert, 1942 and G. gonostomoida (Hemberger, 1985), respectively. There is little information on their morphological features, therefore their detailed redescriptions are needed. The description was based on the observation of living and protargol impregnated specimens, and biometric analysis. Their diagnostic characteristics are as follows. Gonostomum algicola; $88-113\times30-40{\mu}m$ in vivo, colourless cortical granules, 20-31 adoral membranelles, two fronto-terminal cirri, five fronto-ventral cirri, no mid-ventral cirri, two transverse cirri, two to three micronuceli. Gonostomum gonostomoida; $60-121\times21-40{\mu}m$ in vivo, no cortical granules, 27-34 adoral membranelles, no fronto-terminal cirri, two fronto-ventral cirral rows with each row bearing three cirri, midventral cirral row with 11-14 cirri, two to three transverse cirri, one to six micronuceli. So far, total three species within the genus Gonostomum have been recorded from Korea by the present study.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.503-508
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• 2018

Objective : Anterior odontoid screw fixation is a safe and effective method for the treatment of odontoid fractures. The surgical technique is recommended for perforation of the apical cortex of the dens by the lag screw. However, overpenetration of the apical cortex may lead to potentially serious complications such as damages of adjacent vascular and neural structures. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scan to evaluate the safe margin beyond dens tip to ventral dura for anterior odontoid screw fixation. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the three-dimensional CT scans of the cervical spines in 55 consecutive patients at our trauma center. The patients included 38 males and 17 females aged between 22 and 73 years (mean age${\pm}$standard deviation, $45.8{\pm}14.2years$). Using sagittal images of 3-dimensional CT scan, the safe margins beyond dens tip to ventral dura as well as the appropriate screw length were measured. Results : The mean width of the apical dens tip was $9.6{\pm}1.1mm$. The mean lengths from the screw entry point to the apical dens tip and posterior end of dens tip were $39.2{\pm}2.6mm$ and $36.6{\pm}2.4mm$. The safe margin beyond apical dens tip to ventral dura was $7.7{\pm}1.7mm$. However, the safe margin beyond the posterior end of dens tip to ventral dura was decreased to $2.1{\pm}3.2mm$, which was statistically significant (p<0.01). There were no significant differences of safe margins beyond dens tip to ventral dura with patient gender and age. Conclusion : Extension by several millimeters beyond the dens tip is safe, if the trajectory of anterior odontoid screw is targeted at the apical dens tip. However, if the trajectory of the screw is targeted to the posterior end of dens tip, extension beyond dens tip may lead to damage immediately adjacent to the vental dura mater.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2006

한국산 칼납자루의 암컷은 산란시기가 되면 배지느러미 기부 부근에 돌출되어 신장되어 나타나는 배측융기가 형성된다. 이러한 배측융기는 직장(항문)부분과 내측산란관으로 구성되었다. 직장은 점막층, 점막하층, 근육층과 이들을 둘러싸는 다층의 표층으로 구성되어 있으며 특히 점막층에는 산성 점액다당류인 점액세포가 존재한다. 한편 내측산란관은 직장과 비슷한 구조를 가지고 있으나 점막층에는 점액세포가 존재하지 않는 특징을 보였다. 한편 외측산란관은 배측융기와 연결되지 않아 가늘고, 긴 관의 형태를 보이고 있으나 내측산란관과 달리 근육층이 존재하지 않아 점막층, 점막하층, 다층의 표피층으로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 결과로 보아 근육층을 가지는 내측산란관은 성숙란을 외측산란관으로 내보기 위해 연동운동과 관련있는 반면에 외측산란관은 근육층이 존재하지 않아 내측산란관으로부터 방출된 성숙란을 단지 이매패 속으로 전달하는 단순한 관의 역할을 하는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국임상수의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국임상수의학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.126-126
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• 2008