• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2014

This study examines the system and process of battery stored energy in vehicles and suggest the effective area for the use of V2G(vehicle-to-grid) from Jeju Smart Grid Demonstration Project. V2G means technology of electric power transmission from the battery of electric-drive vehicles to state grid. As for the increasing of effectiveness for demand-side control, V2G is a very good alternative. In the U.S., the utilization of electric vehicles is under 40% on average. In this case, we can use he battery of electric vehicle as role of frequency regulation or generator of demand-side resource. V2G, which is the element of Smart Transportation, consists of electric vehicle battery, BMS(battery management system), OBC(on-board charger), charging infrastructure, NOC(network operating center) and TOC(total operation center). V2G application has been tested for frequency regulation to secure the economical efficiency in the United States. In this case, the battery cycle life is not verified its disadvantage. On the other hand, Demand Response is required by low c-rate of battery in electric vehicle and It can be small impact on the battery cycle life. This paper concludes business area of demand response is more useful than frequency regulation in V2G application of electric vehicles in Korea. This provides the opportunity to create a new business for power grid administrator with VPP(virtual power plant).

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.300-308
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• 2016

Application of demand-side resources to automatic generation control (AGC) has a great significance for improving the dynamic control performance of power system frequency regulation. This paper investigates the possibility of providing regulation services by demand-side energy storage in electric vehicle battery swapping stations (BSS). An interaction framework, namely station-to-grid (S2G), is presented to integrate BSS energy storage into power grid for giving benefits to frequency regulation. The BSS can be regarded as a lumped battery energy storage station through S2G framework. A supplementary AGC method using demand-side BSS energy storage is developed considering the vehicle user demand of battery swapping. The effects to the AGC performance are evaluated through simulations by using a two-area interconnected power grid model with step and random load disturbance. The results show that the demand-side BSS can significantly suppress the frequency deviation and tie-line power fluctuations.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.566-571
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• 2011

As Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle and Electric Vehicle (PHEV/EV) take a greater share in the personal automobile market, their high penetration levels may bring potential challenges to electric utility especially at the distribution level. Thus, there is a need for the flexible charging management strategy to compromise the benefits of both PHEV/EV owners and power grid side. There are many different management methods that depend on the objective function and the constraints caused by the system. In this paper, the schema and dispatching schedule of centralized PHEV/EV charging spot network are analyzed. Also, we proposed and compared three power allocation strategies for centralized charging spot. The first strategy aims to maximize state of vehicles at plug-out time, the rest methods are equalized allocation and prioritized allocation based on vehicles SoC. The simulation results show that each run of the optimized algorithms can produce the satisfactory solutions to response properly the requirement from PHEV/EV customers.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.679-687
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• 2019

This paper presents the autonomous swimming technology developed for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) operating in the underwater jacket structure environment. To prevent the position divergence of the inertial navigation system constructed for the primary navigation solution for the vehicle, we've developed kinds of marker-recognition based underwater localization methods using both of optical and acoustic cameras. However, these two methods all require the artificial markers to be located near to the cameras mounted on the vehicle. Therefore, in the case of the vehicle far away from the structure where the markers are usually mounted on, we may need alternative position-aiding solution to guarantee the navigation accuracy. For this purpose, we develop a sonar image processing based underwater localization method using a Forward Looking Sonar (FLS) mounted in front of the vehicle. The primary purpose of this FLS is to detect the obstacles in front of the vehicle. According to the detected obstacle(s), we apply an Occupancy Grid Map (OGM) based path planning algorithm to derive an obstacle collision-free reference path. Experimental studies are carried out in the water tank and also in the Pohang Yeongilman port sea environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed autonomous swimming technology.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2011

It is necessary that UGV(Unmanned Ground Vehicle) should generate a real-time travesability index map by analyzing raw terrain information to travel autonomously tough terrain which has various slope and roughness values. In this paper, we propose a local path planning method, $MA^*$(Modified $A^*$) algorithm, using DVGM (Directional Velocity Grid Map) for unmanned ground vehicle. We also present a path optimization algorithm and a path smoothing algorithm which regenerate a pre-planned local path by $MA^*$ algorithm into the reasonable local path considering the mobility of UGV. Field test is conducted with UGV in order to verify the performance of local path planning method using DVGM. The local path planned by $MA^*$ is compared with the result of $A^*$ to verify the safety and optimality of proposed algorithm.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2024

The windshield of a vehicle plays an important role in ensuring driver safety and maintaining visibility. To prevent issues such as frost and mist from occurring inside and outside the vehicle, research related to the defrosting performance of the windshield is being conducted. Evaluating defrosting performance requires accurate thermal flow analyses. Therefore, in this study, a defrosting duct was constructed within a chamber at an actual vehicle scale to evaluate its performance, and a finite element model was developed and verified. To evaluate defrosting performance, the temperature of the windshield was measured under condition with a mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s, which corresponds to that of a typical midsize vehicle. A total of 45 thermocouples were arranged at equal intervals of 9 widths and 5 lengths on the windshield to measure the temperature and compare it with the temperature predicted through finite element analysis. A volume grid was created in the main flow area to ensure accurate thermal flow analyses, and a prism layer was added at the interface between the windshield and fluid. In total, 6 million grid systems were formed. Comparing the temperature fields of the experimental results and the finite element analysis results confirmed a similar defrosting pattern, with an average temperature difference of 0.64K.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.228-231
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• 2015

In power system research fields, one of current key issues is the construction and commercialization of micro grid site which is called green island, carbon zero island, energy independent island, building micro grid, etc. and various affiliated technologies have been being vigorously developed to realize. In addition, various researches about electric vehicles (EVs) are in progress and it is expected to penetrate rapidly with the next a few years. Some new load models should be developed integrating with electric vehicle loads because the EVs' deployment could cause the change of load composition rate on power system planning and operations. EVs are also resources for micro grid as well as distributed generation and demand response so that various supply and demand side resources should be considered for micro grid researches. In this paper, the load composition rate of residential sectors is prospected considering the deployment of EVs and the resource configuration of micro grid is optimized based on net present cost. In the optimization, the load patten of case studies includes EV's charging characteristics and various cases are simulated comparing micro grid environment and normal condition. HOMER is used to compare various cases and economic effects.

• 시스템엔지니어링학술지
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• 제20권spc1호
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• pp.97-107
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• 2024

Efforts to respond to climate change are being made in various ways around the world, and in the energy field, continuous research and pilot projects are underway through new and renewable energy, efficient power grid management, and power grid services. Systems are in place to realize these efforts, and the systems created allow for better effectiveness. When implementing a system, systems engineering methodology helps design a more systematic system and can provide verification accuracy and uniformity through intuitive connectivity. In this paper, the original requirements of the power grid stabilization system and the architecture of the system's essential constraints are constructed as a conceptual model and the boundaries and flows between components are defined. By utilizing distributed resources such as EV(Electric Vehicle) and ESS(Energy Storage System) in the power service platform system, we plan to design and build a next-generation power service system that can participate in the power stabilization market and implement a system necessary to respond to climate change in the future.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제8권10호
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• pp.1369-1382
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• 2005

도로 영상에서 차량 영역을 분할하는 차량 영역 분할(vehicle segmentation) 문제는 지능형 교통 시스템을 비롯한 다양한 응용 분야들에서 중요하게 사용되는 기본 연산(fundamental operation)이다. 본 연구에서는 야외의 도로 상에 설치된 CCD카메라에서 촬영된 정지 영상으로부터 차량 영역을 찾아내는 효율적인 방법을 제안한다 제안하는 방법은 입력되는 영상들을 격자 단위로 분할하여 각 격자에서의 에지 검출 결과를 대표하는 특징값(feature value)들을 통계적으로 분석한 후, 이를 바탕으로 최적해를 구한다. 전처리 과정에서는 다양한 외부 환경에서 촬영한 배경 영상들에 대해서 각 격자에서의 특징값들을 통계 처리한다. 입력된 차량 영상에서는 각 격자의 특징값이 배경 영상의 대응되는 격자에서의 특징값과 통계적으로 얼마나 오차를 보이냐에 따라, 배경 영역인지 차량 영역인지를 판단한다. 격자 별로 차량 영역에 해당하는 지를 판정한 뒤, 이 결과에 동적 프로그래밍(dynamic Programming) 기법을 이용하여 차량을 포함하는 최적의 직사각형 영역을 찾아낸다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 통계 처리와 전역 탐색 기법을 사용하므로 휴리스틱에 주로 의존하는 기존 연구들에 비해 좀더 체계적이다. 또한, 배경 영상에 대한 통계 처리는 흐리거나 맑은 등의 날씨 변화 및 바람이나 진동에 의한 카메라의 흔들림과 같은 다양한 외부 요인들이 가져올 수 있는 노이즈나 오차에 대해서도 높은 신뢰성을 보여준다. 제안하는 방법을 구현한 프로토타입 시스템은 $1280\times960$ 크기의 차량 영상들을 장당 평균 0.150초의 수행 시간에 처리하였으며, 총 270장의 다양한 노이즈를 가지는 차량 영상들에 대해 $97.03\%$의 성공률을 보였다.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제32권spc3호
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• pp.289-294
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• 2012

In recent years, understanding the dynamics of DC distribution system has become critically important due mainly to the increasing needs for the interconnection of DC distributed generators and the (DC-based) electric vehicle (EV) charging systems. In this paper, the characteristics of the DC grid system connected to the compact proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been studied. In particular, the voltage and current transient phenomena were measured by varying the load of the DC grid system. Also, the voltage and current ripple were measured at the different load conditions. Our experimental results clearly manifested that the study contributes to the establishment of fundamental method to characterize the small DC grid system including distributed generation.