• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.871-876
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• 2002

우리나라에도 심혈관질환으로 인한 사망률이 점차 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 채식과 짠맛에 대한 기호와 혈청 지질 수준 및 혈당, 혈압과의 관계를 규명하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 채식을 하는 비구니스님을 대상으로 하여 연구한 결과를 요약하면 조사대상자의 평균나이는 채식인 44.2세, 비채식인 40.5세, 채식인의 평균 채식기간은 13.2년이었으며, 채식인은 주로 매운맛, 단맛, 신맛의 순으로 비채식인은 단맛, 신맛, 매운맛의 순서로 좋아하였다. 채식 기간별로는 10년 이하인 군과 20년 이상인 군에서는 매운맛, 단맛, 신맛, 쓴맛, 짠맛, 느끼하고 기름진 맛의 순으로 좋하는 것으로 나타났으며 10～20년 사이인 군에서는 매운맛, 쓴맛, 신맛, 단맛, 짠맛, 기르지고 느끼한 맛의 순으로 좋아하는 맛이 바뀌었는데 이는 건강지식과 건강에 대한 관심도의 차이 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 조사대상자중 ‘식사시에 짜게 먹는 편이다’라고 답한 사람은 채식인 38.8%, 비채식인 52.8%로 비채식인이 짜게 먹는 것으로 나타났다. ‘보통이다.’고 한 사람이 채식인 33.9%, 비채식인 33.6%로 거의 비슷하였으며, ‘싱겁게 먹는다’고 한사람은 채식인 27.3%, 비채식인 13.6%로 채식인이 싱겁게 먹는 것으로 나타났다. 식습관 점수는 채식인은 25.1, 비채식인은 23.1로 채식인의 식습관 점수가 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.05), 또한 채식기간별로는 채식기간이 10년 미만인 군에 비해 10년 이상인 군의 식습관 점수가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol, 동맥경화지수는 두 군 모두 싱겁게 먹는다고 한 군에 비해 짜게 먹는다고 한 군에 비해 짜게 먹는다고 한 군이 유의적으로 높았다. 혈압은 두 군 모두 짠맛에 대한 기호와는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 중성지방, HDL-cholesterol, 혈당은 두군 모두 짠맛에 대한 기호와 유의한 상관을 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 본 연구와 동일인을 대상으로 한 연구 I에서 본 바와 같이 채식군은 비채식군에 비해 BMI, RBW, WHR, %BF가 유의적으로 높았음(p<0.05)에도 심혈관 질환 관련인자인 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol, AI, 수축기 혈압 및 혈당이 비채식군에 비해 유의적으로 낮았을 뿐만 아니라 (p<0.01) 짠맛에 대한 기호는 혈중 콜레스테롤 LDL-cholesterol, AI에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 채식인은 비채식인에 비하여 식사시에 싱겁게 먹고 식습관도 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 앞으로 더 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이지만 채식을 하면 심혈관 질환 위험인자의 수준을 낮추어 심혈관 질환의 예방 치료에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.869-879
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate on nutrient intake status and diet quality of middle and old aged vegetarian women in Korea, The research group was composed of vegetarian women (n=91), all of them were Seven Day Adventists, who had been on vegetarian diets, over 20 yrs. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and diet quality indices were compared to omnivores (n=122). The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 61.8 yrs and 60.3 yrs, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes of vegetarians and omnivores were 1428.8 kcal and 1424.5 kcal, respectively and there was no significant difference. The vegetarians consumed significantly lower intakes of protein (p < 0.05), zinc (p < 0.001) and vitamin $B_{2}$ (p < 0.05) compared to omnivores. In the diet quality, zinc and vitamin $B_{2}$ nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of omnivores. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of vegetarians and omnivores were 0.80 and 0.77, respectively and there was no significant difference. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of vegetarians and omnivores were 3.7 and 4.0, respectively, and there was significant difference (p < 0.01). The KDQI (Korean's Diet Quality Index) of vegetarians (1.5) was significantly lower than that (2.1) of omnivores (p < 0.001). In conclusion, vegetarian women have low intake status of protein, zinc and vitamin $B_{2}$, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diets to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in middle and old aged vegetarian women. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $869\∼879$, 2005)

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.78-82
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• 2002

This study compared the effect of Korean vegetarian and omnivorous diets on plasma carnitine concentrations and urinary carnitine excretion. Twenty lactoovovegetarian and twenty omnivorous female college students consented to participate in this study. Daily nutritional intake and plasma and urinary nonesterified carnitine (NEC), acid-soluble acylcarnitine (ASAC), acid-insoluble acylcarnitine (AIAC), and total carnitine (TCNE) were determined. Daily protein, fat, retinol, vitamin B$_2$and vitamin B$\_$12/ intakes were significantly lower for vegetarians, however, fiber, carbohydrate, $\beta$-carotene, folic acid and vitamin C consumptions were much higher for vegetarians than omnivores. There were no differences in plasma NEC, ASAC, AIAC and TCNE concentrations between the two groups. Urinary carnitine excretion was lower in vegetarians, but only the differences in ASAC and TCNE excretions were statistically significant. These results suggest that the lower excretion of ASAC in vegetarians may be a reflection of their lipid metabolic state and that Korean vegetarian diets may accommodate lower carnitine intakes through efficient urinary conservation of carnitine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the mineral status of postmenopausal vegetarian women with those of the omnivores, and to investigate the relationship between dietary pattern and minerals status in postmenopausal Korean women. The research group was composed of vegetarian women (n = 38), all of them were seven day adventists, who had been on vegetarian diet over 20 yrs. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and blood mineral concentrations were compared to age matched omnivores controls (n = 38). The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 60.7 yrs and 60.5 yrs, respectively and there was no significant difference. The mean daily energy intake of vegetarians and omnivores were 1518.5 kcal and 1355.5 kcal, respectively and their was no significant difference. The mean calcium intake of vegetarians (492.6 mg) was not significantly different from that of omnivores (436.6 mg). The vegetarians consumed significantly greater quantities of magnesium (p < 0.001), iron (p < 0.001), copper (p < 0.001), manganese (p < 0.001) and dietary fiber (p < 0.05). There were no significantly differences in serum calcium, magnesium and manganese levels between vegetarians and omnivores. However, serum levels of phosphorus (p < 0.01), iron (p < 0.05), ferritin (p < 0.01), zinc (p < 0.001) and copper (p < 0.05) were significantly lower than those of omnivores. In conclusion, vegetarian postmenopausal women may have low bioavailability of iron, zinc and copper. Therefore it was needed that further study on mineral bioavailability of vegetarian diet. (Korean J Nutrition 38(2): 151～160, 2005)

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.110-118
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• 2000

One-hundred thirty-six Chinese men and women who are members of the Malaysian Confucian Association from Kuala Lumpur city and suburbs were included in the study. They have been vegetarians for a mean period of about 6 years with the majority of them(91.2%) at lacto/ovo vegetarians. The average age of the male and female subjects in 33 and 34 years respectively. The mean BMI for the men and women are 22.5$\pm$2.4kg/$m^2$ respectively. The mean levels of serum total cholesterol, HDL-chol and LDL-chol for men are 4.27$\pm$0.77, 1,11$\pm$0.26 and 2.60$\pm$0.54mmol/L, while the corresponding values for women are 4.24$\pm$081, 1.34$\pm$0.29 and 2.41$\pm$0.28 mmol/L, All the respondents showed TC/HDL-chol levels within the normal cut-off point of <5.8mmol/L. Majority of the subjects showed normal range levels for serum retinol, carotenoids and $\alpha$-tocopherol. The mean systolic blood pressure for men and women are 122$\pm$16mmHg and 115$\pm$13mmHg, while their diastolic blood pressure are 82$\pm$7mmHg and 79$\pm$7mmHg respectively. Hypertension was found at a higher prevalence in men(17.6%) than among the women(7.1%). None of the respondents smoke cigarettes while approximately two-thirds of them carry out physical exercise at least once a week. their usual dietary intake includes frequent consumption of a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, nuts and legumes. In summary, Malaysian vegetarians have a low cardiovascular risk based on their health-oriented lifestyle.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.862-870
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• 2002

우리나라에도 심혈관질환으로 인한 사망률이 점차 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 채식과 혈청지질 수준 및 혈당, 혈압과의 관계를 규명하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 채식을 하는 비구니스님을 대상으로 하여 연구한 결과를 요약하면 조사대상자의 평균나이는 채식인 44.2세, 비채식인 40.5세, BMI는 각각 22.4, 21.0이었고, WHR은 0.8, 0.8이었고, %BF는 28.7,26.5였으며, 채식인의 평균채식기간은 13.1년이었다. 조사대상자의 total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-chole-sterol, AI, 수축기혈압 및 혈당은 비채식인이 유의적으로 낮았으며, 심혈관질환 예견지수인 HDL-cholsterol/total-chol-esterol 비는 채식인이 유의적으로 높았다. 두군 모두 중성지방, 혈청 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol, AI,는 BMI, WHR, %BF와는 유의적으로 높은 정의상관을 보였다. HDL-cho-lesterol은 BMI, WHR과는 유의한 부의상관을 보였다. 나이는 채식인에서는 BMI, WHR과는 높은 정의상관을 보였다. 나이는 채식인에서는 중성지방과는 정의상관, 비채식인에서는 중성지방, 혈청 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol, AI, 수축기 혈압과는 정의 상관을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 두군 모두 BMI, RBW, WHR, %BF가 높을수록 총콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol, AI, 수축기 혈압이 유의적으로 높아졌으며 BMI, WHR이 높을수록 HDL-cholesterol은 유의적으로 낮아졌다. 그러나 채식군은 비채식군에 비해 BMI, RBW, WHR, %BF가 유의적으로 높았음에도 불구하고 심혈관 질환 관련인자인 총콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol, AI, 수축기 혈압 및 혈당이 비채식군에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 한편 나이와의 상관에서도 비채식인은 나이와 중성지방, 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol, AI등이 모두 정의 상관을 보였으나 채식군에서는 나이와 중성지방만이 정의 상관을 보였다. 따라서 채식을 하면 비만인 사람이라도 혈중 지질수준 및 혈당, 혈압이 낮아져서 심혈관 질환 및 고혈압, 당뇨병 등의 예방 치료에 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1320-1326
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• 2004

본 연구는 20대∼70대 사이의 채식인과 비채식인의 식생활의 차이가 연령증가에 따른 혈청지질농도, 혈당, 혈압의 변화에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 본 연구에서 조사대상자의 식사형태 및 연령의 차이에 따른 비정상자 분포는 채식인과 비채식인의 혈중 중성지방은 각각 11.8%, 14.0%였고 혈청 총콜레스테롤은 각각 4.9%, 27.7%였고 LDL-cholesterol은 각각 2.4%, 19.2%였으며 HDL-cholesterol은 각각 5.7%, 4.6%였고 동맥경화지수는 각각 7.8%, 26.8%였다. 혈청 총콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol, 동맥경화지수의 비정상자 비율은 비채식인에서 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.05) 혈청 총콜레스테롤과 LDL-cholesterol은 40-60대, 동맥 경화지수는 50∼60대의 비채식인이 유의적으로 높은 빈도를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 공복시 혈당의 비정상자비율은 각각 16.3%, 53.6%이었고 수축기혈압은 각각 2.9%, 17.4%였으며 혈당은 50∼70대, 수축기 혈압은 50∼60대의 비채식인에서 유의적으로 높은 빈도를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 혈청 총콜레스테롤에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 채식인에서는 연령 , BMI, 수축기 혈압이었으며 약 22%정도 설명할 수 있는 것으로 나타났고 비채식인에서는 연령, BMI, 수축기혈압, 활동량이었으며 약 80%정도 설명할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. LDL-cholesterol에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 채식인에서는 연령, BMI였고 약 18%정도 설명할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 비채식인에서는 연령, BMI, 수축기혈압, 활동량이었으며 약 82%정도 설명할 수 있는 것으로 나타났으며 비채식인은 혈청 총콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol에 영향을 미치는 인자들이 각각 80%, 82%를 설명하여 통계적으로 유의하였으나 채식인은 통계적으로 설명력이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 이상과 같이 심혈관질환 관련 위험인자들의 비정상자의 분포를 관찰한 결과 연령이 증가함에 따라 비채식인은 채식인에 비해 혈청 총콜레스테롤, LDL-cholesterol, 동맥경화지수, 혈당, 혈압이 유의적으로 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다(p<0.05). 본 연구의 결과를 미루어 볼 때 앞으로 더 많은 연구가 되어져야 할 것이지만 채식은 연령 증가에 따른 심혈관질환 위험인자의 수준을 낮추는데 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.217-224
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• 1985

The purpose of this study is to discribe the nutritional status between female collegians on normal diet and lacto-ovo-vegetarian in the child bearing age. Physical examination, hematological parameters(hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, serum albumin)and nutrient intake by dietary survey were carried out on each subject. Serum zinc, iron and copper concentrations were also determined. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Students on normal diet had higher values than lacto-ovo-vegetarian students in the height, weight, and skinfold thickness. 2) Hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum albumin values of the two groups showed no difference. But students on normal diet were higher in the serum irom and copper values than lacto-ovo-vegetarian students. 3) Serum zinc values differed significantly between the vegetarians and non vegetarians (Vegetarians') > non vegetarians') 4) On the nutrient intake of two groups, students on normal diet were higher than lacto-ovo-vegetarian students in the protein but students on normal diet were lower than lacto-ovo-vegetarian students in iron, vitamin A, $vitamin\;B_{2}$, vitamin C and crude fiber. 5) Intakes of calories and protein in the two groups were lower than RDA but Ca, vitamin A, $vitamin\;B_{1}$, $vitamin\;B_{2}$ niacin and vitamin C intakes of the two groups was higher than RDA. 6) Amounts of iron absorbed showed no difference in the two groups. But iron absorption rate was higher in students on normal diet than lacto-ovo-vegetarian students.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1026-1033
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• 2014

The fecal microbiotas were investigated in 13 healthy Thai subjects using polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Among the 186 DNA bands detected on the polyacrylamide gel, 37 bands were identified as representing 11 species: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium colicanis, Eubacterium eligenes, E. rectale, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Megamonas funiformis, Prevotella copri, and Roseburia intestinalis, belonging mainly to the groups of Bacteroides, Prevotella, Clostridium, and F. prausnitzii. A dendrogram of the PCR-DGGE divided the subjects; vegetarians and non-vegetarians. The fecal microbiotas were also analyzed using a quantitative real-time PCR focused on Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostrium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale, C. leptum, Lactobacillus, and Prevotella. The nonvegetarian and vegetarian subjects were found to have significant differences in the high abundance of the Bacteroides and Prevotella genera, respectively. No significant differences were found in the counts of Bifidabacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, C. coccoides-E. rectale group, C. leptum group, and Lactobacillus. Therefore, these findings on the microbiota of healthy Thais consuming different diets could provide helpful data for predicting the health of South East Asians with similar diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.203-211
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• 2011

Previous studies have shown that plant-based vegetarian diets, which typically contain a variety of antioxidants and dietary fiber, help reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. However, some studies have reported that vegetarian diets can lead to deficiencies in protein and trace minerals compared to non-vegetarian diets. This study was conducted to compare anthropometric measurements, blood parameters, dietary intake, and hair mineral status in long-term vegetarians (MV; moderate vegan, LV; lacto-ovo vegetarian) and non-vegetarians (NV). Thirty MV (12 males, 18 females; mean age, $50.58{\pm}5.05$ years), 15 LV (11 males, four females; mean age, $49.45{\pm}4.97$ years), and 30 NV (15 males, 15 females; mean age, $48.90{\pm}3.62$ years) participated. No significant differences were observed for age, height, weight, or body mass index, but body fat was significant lower in MV and LV males than that in NV males. White blood cell counts of MV, LV, and NV male subjects were significantly different. Dietary intake data showed that plant protein and plant iron intake were significantly higher in MV and LV than those in NV. Animal protein, animal fat, and animal iron intake were significantly higher in NV than those in MV and LV. A hair mineral analysis showed that calcium and iron were higher in the hair of MV and LV than those in NV. Zinc concentration in hair was not significantly different among the groups. The results suggest that vegetarian diets are adequate to sustain mineral status to at least the same degree as that of non-vegetarian diets.