• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제45권5호
• /
• pp.641-652
• /
• 2022

Fluid-conveying tubes are widely used to transport oil and natural gas in industries. As an advanced composite material, functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composites (FG-CNTRC) have great potential to empower the industry. However, nonlinear free vibration of the FG-CNTRC fluid-conveying pipe has not been attempted in thermal environment. In this paper, the nonlinear free vibration characteristic of functionally graded nanocomposite fluid-conveying pipe reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in thermal environment is investigated. The SWCNTs gradient distributed in the thickness direction of the pipe forms different reinforcement patterns. The material properties of the FG-CNTRC are estimated by rule of mixture. A higher-order shear deformation theory and Hamilton's variational principle are employed to derive the motion equations incorporating the thermal and fluid effects. A two-step perturbation method is implemented to obtain the closed-form asymptotic solutions for these nonlinear partial differential equations. The nonlinear frequencies under several reinforcement patterns are presented and discussed. We conduct a series of studies aimed at revealing the effects of the flow velocity, the environment temperature, the inner-outer diameter ratio, and the carbon nanotube volume fraction on the nature frequency.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.375-396
• /
• 2009

In the present work, the elasto-viscoplastic behavior, interactions between grains, and the texture evolution in polycrystalline materials subjected to finite deformations are modeled using a multiscale analysis procedure within a finite element framework. Computational homogenization is used to relate the grain (meso) scale to the macroscale. Specifically, a polycrystal is modeled by a material representative volume element (RVE) consisting of an aggregate of grains, and a periodic distribution of such unit cells is considered to describe material behavior locally on the macroscale. The elastic behavior is defined by a hyperelastic potential, and the viscoplastic response is modeled by a simple power law complemented by a work hardening equation. The finite element framework is based on a Lagrangian formulation, where a kinematic split of the deformation gradient into volume preserving and volumetric parts together with a three-field form of the Hu-Washizu variational principle is adopted to create a stable finite element method. Examples involving simple deformations of an aluminum alloy are modeled to predict inhomogeneous fields on the grain scale, and the macroscopic effective stress-strain curve and texture evolution are compared to those obtained using both upper and lower bound models.

• Journal of Magnetics
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.6-11
• /
• 2016

The magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and the saturation magnetization $B_s$ of (110) $Fe_nCo_n$ heterostructures with n = 1, 2, and 3 are investigated in first-principles within the density functional theory by using the precise full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method. We compare the results employing two different exchange correlation potentials, that is, the local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), and include the spin-orbit coupling interaction of the valence states in the second variational way. The MAE is found to be enhanced significantly compared to those of bulk Fe and Co and the magnetic easy axis is in-plane in agreement with experiment. Also the MAE exhibits the in-plane angle dependence with a two-fold anisotropy showing that the $[1{\overline{I}}0]$ direction is the most favored spin direction. We found that as the periodicity increases, (i) the saturation magnetization $B_s$ decreases due to the reduced magnetic moment of Fe far from the interface, (ii) the strength of in-plane preference of spin direction increases yielding enhancement of MAE, and (iii) the volume anisotropy coefficient decreases because the volume increase outdo the MAE enhancement.

• 한국자기학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 2016

대표적 열전물질인 비스무스 텔루라이드에 자성원자를 도핑한 합금에 대한 구조 및 전자적 그리고 자기적 성질에 관한 연구는 고효율 열전물질의 개발이라는 목적뿐만 아니라 특이한 자기적 상호작용 규명 및 위상절연체 분야에서도 큰 관심을 끌고 있다. 본 연구에서는 희토류 원자로서 매우 국소화된 f 전자를 갖는 Gd이 Bi을 치환하여 도핑된 비스무스 텔루라이드 합금의 자성 안정성을 밀도범함수(Density Functional Theory)에 입각하여 제일원리적으로 연구하기 위하여 모든 전자(all-electron) FLAPW(full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave) 방법을 이용하여 전자구조 계산을 수행하였다. 전자간 교환-상관 상호작용은 일반기울기 근사법(Generalized Gradient Approximation)을 도입하여 계산하였으며, 국소화된 f 전자를 기술하는 데 필요한 Hubbard+U 보정과 스핀-궤도 각운동량 상호작용은 제2 변분법적 방법을 이용하여 고려하였다. 계산 결과, 강자성 안정성을 보이는 Gd 덩치계와 다르게 이 합금은 강자성과 반강자성의 총에너지 차이가 ~1 meV/Gd 정도의 아주 작은 값으로 얻어져서, 그 자성 안정성은 결함이나 strain 등에 의한 구조변화에 민감하게 의존하여 변할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 Gd 스핀자기모멘트는 덩치에서의 값에 비해 감소하였고, Gd에 가장 가까운 Te에 유도 자기모멘트가 형성되는 것으로 미루어 Te를 매개로 한 자성상호작용이 자성 안정성을 결정하는 데에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 예측할 수 있었다.