• Journal of Trauma and Injury
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.385-392
• /
• 2023

Purpose: This study investigated the epidemiology, management, outcomes, and postoperative disabilities of degloving soft tissue injuries (DSTIs) treated at a tertiary care center in northern India. Methods: A prospective study of patients with DSTIs was conducted over 15 months. The type of degloving injury, the mechanism of injury, and any associated injuries were analyzed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0 along with the management, outcomes, and disabilities at a 3-month follow-up. Results: Among 75 patients with DSTIs, the average age was 27.5 years, 80.0% were male, and 76.0% had been injured in traffic accidents. The majority (93.3%) were open degloving injuries. Lower limbs were affected most often (62.7%), followed by upper limbs (32.0%). Fractures were the most commonly associated injuries (72.0%). Most patients required more than two procedures, including secondary debridement (41.3%), split skin grafting (80.0%), flap coverage (12.0%), or vacuum-assisted closure (24.0%), while five patients underwent conservative management for closed degloving injuries. Postoperative complications included surgical site infections (14.7%) and skin necrosis (10.7%). Two patients died due to septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The mean length of hospital stay was 11.5±8.1 days, with injuries affecting the lower limbs and perineum requiring longer hospital stays. The mean WHODAS 2.0 disability score at 3 months was 19. Most patients had mild disabilities. Time away from work depended largely upon the site and severity of the injury. Approximately 75% of patients resumed their previous job or study, 14% changed their job, and 8% stopped working completely due to residual disability. Conclusions: DSTIs are common injuries in trauma and management is challenging. Although open DSTI are clinically evident at secondary survey, closed degloving injuries may be missed in the primary survey, necessitating a high index of suspicion, thorough clinical examination, and protocol-based management. Primary preventive strategies (e.g., road safety protocols, preplacement training, and proper protective equipment in industries) are also needed to reduce the incidence of these injuries.

• 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.124-130
• /
• 2023

Recently, fan out wafer level packaging, which enables high integration, miniaturization, and low cost, is being rapidly applied in the semiconductor industry. In particular, FOWLP is attracting attention in the mobile and Internet of Things fields, and is recognized as a core technology that will lead to technological advancements such as 5G, self-driving cars, and artificial intelligence in the future. However, as chip density and package size within the package increase, FOWLP warpage is emerging as a major problem. These problems have a direct impact on the reliability and electrical performance of semiconductor products, and in particular, cause defects such as vacuum leakage in the manufacturing process or lack of focus in the photolithography process, so technical demands for solving them are increasing. In this paper, warpage simulation according to the thickness of FOWLP material was performed using finite element analysis. The thickness range was based on the history of similar packages, and as a factor causing warpage, the curing temperature of the materials undergoing the curing process was applied and the difference in deformation due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between materials was used. At this time, the stacking order was reflected to reproduce warpage behavior similar to reality. After performing finite element analysis, the influence of each variable on causing warpage was defined, and based on this, it was confirmed that warpage was controlled as intended through design modifications.

• 센서학회지
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.290-294
• /
• 2023

Among various types of harmful gases, hydrogen sulfide is a strong toxic gas that is mainly generated during spillage and wastewater treatment at industrial sites. Hydrogen sulfide can irritate the conjunctiva even at low concentrations of less than 10 ppm, cause coughing, paralysis of smell and respiratory failure at a concentration of 100 ppm, and coma and permanent brain loss at concentrations above 1000 ppm. Therefore, rapid detection of hydrogen sulfide among harmful gases is extremely important for our safety, health, and comfortable living environment. Most hydrogen sulfide gas sensors that have been reported are electrical resistive metal oxide-based semiconductor gas sensors that are easy to manufacture and mass-produce and have the advantage of high sensitivity; however, they have low gas selectivity. In contrast, the electrochemical sensor measures the concentration of hydrogen sulfide using an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen sulfide, an electrode, and an electrolyte. Electrochemical sensors have various advantages, including sensitivity, selectivity, fast response time, and the ability to measure room temperature. However, most electrochemical hydrogen sulfide gas sensors depend on imports. Although domestic technologies and products exist, more research is required on their long-term stability and reliability. Therefore, this study includes the processes from electrode material synthesis to sensor fabrication and characteristic evaluation, and introduces the sensor structure design and material selection to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor. A sensor case was fabricated using a 3D printer, and an Ag reference electrode, and a Pt counter electrode were deposited and applied to a Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter using PVD. The working electrode was also deposited on a PTFE filter using vacuum filtration, and an electrochemical hydrogen sulfide gas sensor capable of measuring concentrations as low as 0.6 ppm was developed.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.430-442
• /
• 2024

This research aimed to assess the effect of collagenolytic proteases from Bacillus subtilis B13 and Bacillus siamensis S6 for tenderizing goat meat during wet aging. Collagenolytic proteases B13 and S6 were prepared at 5 U/mL of collagenolytic activity before injecting into goat meat with 10% (v/w) of initial weight. The control sample was injected with distilled water and used as a negative control. The injected meats were placed in vacuum-sealed bags and wet aged at 4℃ for 0, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days. Thereafter, total aerobic count and physicochemical quality were elucidated. Both enzyme-treated samples from B13 and S6 aged for 5 days showed an acceptable microbial quality with lower than 5.7 Log CFU/g. These conditions produced the tender meats by the reduction in shear force accounting for 30% for B13 and 26% for S6 as compared to the control. Moreover, the enzyme-treated samples showed lower values of hardness, gumminess, and chewiness, with higher springiness and trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptides than the control (p<0.05). The detrimental impact on cooking loss and lipid oxidation was not found. Enzyme-injected meat had a lower cooking loss than the control (p<0.05) with no significant difference in lipid oxidation (p>0.05). Notably, meats treated with B13 and S6 were lower in CIE L^* value as compared to the control (p<0.05) with no significant impact on CIE a^* and CIE b^* (p>0.05). These results suggested that these two collagenolytic proteases could enhance the quality of goat meat in terms of tenderness and reduce the aging time for meat tenderization.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.635-640
• /
• 2006

각 처리구별 찰옥수수를 원적외선 건조기를 사용하여 건조한 후 진공포장하여 저장하는 동안 찰옥수수의 미생물변화, 호화도, 수분함량, 색도 및 물성 변화 등 건조 찰옥수수의 품질변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 총균수는 6시간 원적외선 건조 시 생옥수수인 대조구의 경우 2.32 log CFU/g을 나타내었으나 모든 처리구에서는 검출되지 않았다. 그러나 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장시 저장 3개월까지는 대조구를 제외한 모든 처리구에서 총균수가 검출되지 않았으나 7개월 저장 후에는 대조구에 비하여 증자 찰옥수수 처리구가 약 2 log, 당처리구는 약 2.7 log 정도 감소하였다. 곰팡이 및 효모는 총균수보다 원적외선 건조에 약간 더 저항성이 강한 것으로 나타났으며 이러한 결과는 $25^{\circ}C$에서 저장시 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 생옥수수의 호화도는 저장 전에 98%, 저장 7개월 후 96.2%로 거의 변화가 없었으나 원적외선 건조한 증자 찰옥수수는 저장 전에 81.14%, $4^{\circ}C$에서 7개월 저장 후 58.73%로 많이 노화되었으며 이러한 결과는 당처리구에서도 유사하게 나타났다. 수분함량은 당처리구 찰옥수수가 증자 찰옥수수에 비하여 건조시간이 증가함에 따라 수분함량이 더욱 낮아졌으며 색도변화는 생옥수수는 건조시간이 증가함에 따라 색의 밝기(L값)가 증가하였으나 증자 또는 당처리구 찰옥수수는 9시간 건조까지는 건조시간에 따라 L값이 증가하였으며 12시간 이후부터는 현저하게 감소하였다. 경도는 건조전에 생옥수수가 증자 또는 당처리 찰옥수수에 비하여 경도가 높았으며 9시간 건조이후에는 생옥수수와 당처리 찰옥수수의 경도가 비슷하게 나타났으나 증자 찰옥수수는 현저하게 경도가 저하되었다. 본 연구결과, 찰옥수수를 원적외선 건조하여 수분함량을 낮춤으로 미생물의 생육 저하, 저장성 향상은 물론 안전성 및 고품질 확보에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국진공학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.55-65
• /
• 2013

본 연구에서는, 동시에 넓은 면적을 조사할 수 있는 형태의 유전체 장벽 방전을 이용한 대기압 면방전 플라즈마 발생장치를 이용하여 곰팡이의 살균 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에 사용한 면방전 플라즈마 발생장치의 파워는 사인파 교류전원을 이용하였으며, 1.4~2.3 kV의 방전전압을 가진다. 또한, 유전체 전기용량의 특성으로 인하여 전압과 전류의 위상차는 약 80도를 갖는다. 생물시료에 미치는 온도의 영향은 공랭식 쿨러를 사용하여 유전체의 열을 배출함으로써 최소화 하였으며, 시료의 온도는 온도측정장치를 사용하여 쿨러(Cooler) 작동 시 최대 10분간 플라즈마를 발생시켜도 37도가 넘지 않음을 확인하였다. 플라즈마에서 생성되는 활성종중 오존($O_3$)의 양은 플라즈마 발생부로부터 1 cm 이내에서 약 25~30 ppm이 측정되었으며, 150 cm 떨어진 지점에서도 5 ppm 정도 측정되었다. 그에 비해 일산화질소(NO)나 이산화질소($NO_2$)는 거의 검지되지 않음을 확인하였다. 증류수 속에 담긴 빵 곰팡이 포자를 면방전 플라즈마 발생장치로 처리하였을 때, 포자의 발아율은 처리시간 및 출력파워가 증가함에 따라 급격히 감소하였으며, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethy lthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) 측정법을 통해 분석한 미토콘드리아 활성도도 처리시간과 출력파워에 비례하여 감소함을 보았다. 반면 포자를 Vogel's minimal 배양액에 넣고 플라즈마 처리를 하면, 앞의 실험과 달리 살균효과가 미비함을 보였는데, 이를 통해 포자를 둘러싸고 있는 환경이 플라즈마의 살균효과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보여진다. 본 연구를 통하여 유전체 장벽을 이용한 면방전 플라즈마 발생장치는 플라즈마 제트(jet)와는 달리 직접적인 접촉 없이도 미생물 살균이 가능하다는 것을 보여주었으며, 이는 면방전 플라즈마 발생장치로부터 발생하는 활성종들이 곰팡이와 같은 미생물의 비활성화에 주요역할을 하기 때문이라고 본다.

• 한국진공학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.66-72
• /
• 2009

가스절연개폐장치 (Gas-insulated switchgear, GIS)의 내부에는 절연에 관한 이상 여부를 감시하고 판단할 수 있는 시스템이 요구된다. 부분방전에 의해 발생되는 $SF_6$ 분해생성물에 관한 단일벽 탄소나노튜브 (Single-walled carbon nanotube, SWNT)가 지닌 우수한 검출기능 때문에 SWNT를 이용한 가스센서 개발이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 하지만 아직까지 부분방전에 의해 발생된 분해생성물의 확산현상에 관한 해석적 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 실험 데이터 및 상용 CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) 프로그램을 이용하여 SWNT 가스센서에 포획되는 분해생성물의 코로나 방전에 의한 발생 과정과 챔버 내부에서의 확산과정을 모델링하여 부분방전 발생 시 챔버 내부의 온도, 압력, 그리고 분해생성물의 농도 등을 수치계산하였다. 분해생성물의 시간당 질량생성율과 발생온도는 각각 $5.04{\times}10^{-10}$ [g/s]와 773 K이라 가정하였다. 농도방정식을 계산함에 있어 미지의 확산계수를 임의의 값으로 가정하여 직접 부여하는 방법을 사용하지 않고, 확산계수를 정의하는데 사용되는 Schmidt수의 값을 지정하여 확산계수가 $SF_6$ 가스의 물성치인 점성계수와 밀도의 함수로 계산되도록 하였다. 수치결과로부터 분해생성물의 농도구배가 확산을 일으키는데 주요 구동포텐셜 (Drive potential)이 됨을 확인하였다. 센서 설치위치가 부분방전 발생영역에서 멀리 떨어질수록 분해생성물 농도가 낮음을 알 수 있었고, 부분방전이 지속될수록 분해생성물의 농도가 증가함을 확인하였다. 다수의 센서를 챔버 내부에 설치하면 각 센서의 응답시간을 확인하여 PD 발생위치를 판단할 수 있을 것이고, 이를 통해 GIS 진단 및 유지보수에 관한 유용한 정보로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.88-89
• /
• 2013

A variety of influenza A viruses from animal hosts are continuously prevalent throughout the world which cause human epidemics resulting millions of human infections and enormous industrial and economic damages. Thus, early diagnosis of such pathogen is of paramount importance for biomedical examination and public healthcare screening. To approach this issue, here we propose a fully integrated Rotary genetic analysis system, called Rotary Genetic Analyzer, for on-site detection of influenza A viruses with high speed. The Rotary Genetic Analyzer is made up of four parts including a disposable microchip, a servo motor for precise and high rate spinning of the chip, thermal blocks for temperature control, and a miniaturized optical fluorescence detector as shown Fig. 1. A thermal block made from duralumin is integrated with a film heater at the bottom and a resistance temperature detector (RTD) in the middle. For the efficient performance of RT-PCR, three thermal blocks are placed on the Rotary stage and the temperature of each block is corresponded to the thermal cycling, namely $95^{\circ}C$ (denature), $58^{\circ}C$ (annealing), and $72^{\circ}C$ (extension). Rotary RT-PCR was performed to amplify the target gene which was monitored by an optical fluorescent detector above the extension block. A disposable microdevice (10 cm diameter) consists of a solid-phase extraction based sample pretreatment unit, bead chamber, and 4 ${\mu}L$ of the PCR chamber as shown Fig. 2. The microchip is fabricated using a patterned polycarbonate (PC) sheet with 1 mm thickness and a PC film with 130 ${\mu}m$ thickness, which layers are thermally bonded at $138^{\circ}C$ using acetone vapour. Silicatreated microglass beads with 150~212 ${\mu}L$ diameter are introduced into the sample pretreatment chambers and held in place by weir structure for construction of solid-phase extraction system. Fig. 3 shows strobed images of sequential loading of three samples. Three samples were loaded into the reservoir simultaneously (Fig. 3A), then the influenza A H3N2 viral RNA sample was loaded at 5000 RPM for 10 sec (Fig. 3B). Washing buffer was followed at 5000 RPM for 5 min (Fig. 3C), and angular frequency was decreased to 100 RPM for siphon priming of PCR cocktail to the channel as shown in Figure 3D. Finally the PCR cocktail was loaded to the bead chamber at 2000 RPM for 10 sec, and then RPM was increased up to 5000 RPM for 1 min to obtain the as much as PCR cocktail containing the RNA template (Fig. 3E). In this system, the wastes from RNA samples and washing buffer were transported to the waste chamber, which is fully filled to the chamber with precise optimization. Then, the PCR cocktail was able to transport to the PCR chamber. Fig. 3F shows the final image of the sample pretreatment. PCR cocktail containing RNA template is successfully isolated from waste. To detect the influenza A H3N2 virus, the purified RNA with PCR cocktail in the PCR chamber was amplified by using performed the RNA capture on the proposed microdevice. The fluorescence images were described in Figure 4A at the 0, 40 cycles. The fluorescence signal (40 cycle) was drastically increased confirming the influenza A H3N2 virus. The real-time profiles were successfully obtained using the optical fluorescence detector as shown in Figure 4B. The Rotary PCR and off-chip PCR were compared with same amount of influenza A H3N2 virus. The Ct value of Rotary PCR was smaller than the off-chip PCR without contamination. The whole process of the sample pretreatment and RT-PCR could be accomplished in 30 min on the fully integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system. We have demonstrated a fully integrated and portable Rotary Genetic Analyzer for detection of the gene expression of influenza A virus, which has 'Sample-in-answer-out' capability including sample pretreatment, rotary amplification, and optical detection. Target gene amplification was real-time monitored using the integrated Rotary Genetic Analyzer system.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.447-457
• /
• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 뉴욕의 플리마켓에서 구입한 매우 흥미로운 퀼트 텍스타일을 관찰함으로서 시작되었다. 흔하지 않은 스타일의 실크 인서트(Silk inserts)들로 구성된 이 퀼트를 본 연구자로 하여금 그 역사적 가치를 조명하고 문서기록을 남기며 보존처리하여 텍스타일 역사의 발전에 도움을 주는 것에 의의를 두고 있다. 본 연구의 방법으로는 관련된 문헌고찰과 뉴욕의 메트로폴리탄 박물관 J. R. Burdick 콜렉션을 방문하여 퀼트의 패치들이 silk insert라는 분석을 내렸고 Burdick의 연구(제작연대 1910$\∼$1912)에 의문을 갖고 연구자가 조사를 진행하여 이 연구과제에 사용된 silk inserts의 제작연대가 1934년경부터 1939년경이라는 결론을 내렸다. 다음 단계로는 이 직물의 상태를 분석하였는데, 실크 섬유의 상태가 바느질을 견디지 못하는 상태로 판단해 보존처리 방법으로는 접착제 Elvace 46575(vinyl acetate copolymer resin emulsion)를 Stabiltax에 코팅처리하여 직물을 강화처리하였다. 본 연구는 문서처리 되지 않은 미확인 직물의 역사적 의미 발견과 보존처리를 통해 후대의 텍스타일 연구자들에게 정보를 제공한다는 측면에서 가치가 있다고 사료된다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.141-147
• /
• 2014

Purpose: Dental casting #Gr I (Co-25Cr-5Mo-3Sn-1Mn-1Si), #Gr II (Co-25Cr-5Mo-5Cu-1Mn -1Si) and #Gr III (Co-25Cr-5Mo-3Sn-5Cu-1Mn-1Si) master alloys of granule type were manufactured the same as manufacturing processes for dental casting Ni-Cr and Co-Cr-Mo based alloys of ingot type. These alloys were analyzed melting processes with heating time of high frequency induction centrifugal casting machine using infrared thermal image analyzer. Methods: These alloys were manufactured such as; alloy design, the first master alloy manufatured using vacuum arc casting machine, melting metal setting in crucible, melting in VIM, pouring in the mold of bar type, cutting the gate and runner bar and polishing. These alloys were put about 30g/charge in the ceramic crucible of high frequency induction centrifugal casting machine and heat, Infrared thermal image analyzer indicated alloys in the crucible were set and operated. Results: The melting temperatures of these alloys measuring infrared thermal image analyzer were decreased in comparison with remanium$^{(R)}$ GM 800+, vera PDI$^{TM}$, Biosil$^{(R)}$ f, WISIL$^{(R)}$ M type V, Ticonium 2000 alloys of ingot type and vera PDS$^{TM}$(Aabadent, USA), Regalloy alloys of shot type. Conclusion: Co-Cr-Mo based alloy in addition to Sn(#Gr I alloy) were decreased the melting temperature with heating time of high frequency induction centrifugal casting machine using infrared thermal image analyzer.