• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.753-758
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• 1995

The study was carried out to investigate the pathogenicity of EHV isolate to hamsters and mice and immunogenicity of experimentally produced. vaccine were evaluated in the horses. Hamsters infected. intranasally with $LC_1$ isolate showed symptoms of nasal discharge, conjunctivitis and body weight loss during the observation period of 12 days after infection, while only slight depression and body weight loss were noticed with mice infected with $LC_1$ indicating that hamsters are more susceptible to the virus. Antibody titer of mice and hamsters were gradually increased to highest level of 1:2560~10240, 1:640~1280, respectively, at 7~12 days post vaccination. Horses immunized against $LC_1$ killed vaccine reached to maximum antibody titer of 1:20480 around 4 weeks after 1st vaccination and declined after 12 weeks post vaccination. No significant antibody increase were detected after 2nd vaccination. Mean body temperature and mean total leukocyte counts remained within normal range and no adverse reaction were noticed after vaccination.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine whether the vaccination programs for the control of Newcastle disease(ND) would affect the immune status of Ogol chicken in Yeonsan, Chungnam province. The results obstained are summerized as followes ; 1. Maternal antibody titers level of Ogol chickes was 2 $log_2$. 2. The efficacy of the Newcastle spray and drinking water vaccine was evaluated by the antibody responses and the protection rates(over 90% ) after challenge with a virulent Newcastle disease vims at 14 days. 3. Spray vaccine caused on visible side reaction like respiratory symptoms, but it is declined of the 4~5 days.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.82-88
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• 1999

베로 세포에 적응시켜 개발된 약독화 일본뇌염 바이러스인 CJ5003 주를 이용해 제조된 새로운 2세대 일본뇌염 백신의 효과를 마우스에서 조사하였다. Adjuvant 로 aluminiu hydroxide gel을 사용한 경우, 그렇지 않은 경우에 비해 높은 일본뇌염 바이러스 특이 항체 유도능과 10배 향상된 중화항체 유도능을 보였으며, 항원의 양을 변화시켜 면역시킨 결과 0.5 ng 의 적은 항원양으로도 항체가 유발되었고 방어 가능한 수준인 1:10 이상의 중화항체가 유지되었다. 500ng의 항원양으로 면역된 마우스를 면역 초기부터 24주간 관찰한 결과 중화항체가가 14주까지 1:200 이상으로 계속 유지되었으며 24주에도 1:160을 유지하여 일본뇌염에 대한 방어효력이 장기간 유지되고 있음을 나타냈다. 또한 면역된 마우스 혈청은 Nakayama-NIH, SA14, P3 등 3종의 신경독성 일본뇌염 바이러스주에 대해서 각각 유사한 수준의 일본뇌염 바이러스 특이 항체가를 보여주어 다양한 일본뇌염 바이러스 주에 대한 방어 가능성을 보여주었다. 마우스를 이용한 뇌내 직접 공격 시험결과, CJ5003 후보 백신은 90% 이상의 높은 생존율을 나타냈다. 이상의 in vitro, in vivo 시험 결과는 베로 세포에서 생산된 CJ5003 후보 백신의 차세대 백신으로 개발 가능성을 시사한다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.225-232
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• 1990

실용 산란계 병아리에 대해서 시중에서 유통되고 있는 B$_1$생독 뉴캣슬병백신의 효능을 접종방법과 접종횟수를 달리하여 비교하였다. 실용산란계 372수를 93수씩 4군으로 나눈 후 3군에 대해서는 각각 음수. 점안, 분무방법으로 28일령까지 3회에 걸쳐 백신을 접종하였고 나머지 1군은 백신을 접종하지 않은 대조군으로 하였다. 매회 백신접종 2준 4주 후에 강독 바이러스로 공격접종하여 방어율을 조사하고 2주 간격으로 채혈하여, 혈구응집억제(HI) 항체가를 조차하였다. 방어율은 1일령에 1회 접종하는 것보다 2회 또는 3회 접종하는 것이 높았으나 2회. 3회간에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 접종방법간에는 분무방법이 2회 이상 접종할 경우 방어율이 높았으며 다음은 점안, 음수 순이었다. 백신을 2회 또는 3회 접종하여도 HI항체가는 대조군에 비해 크게 상승하지 않았다. 전반적으로 방어율이 낮은 것은 백신의 역가가 낮기 때문으로 생각되었다. 공격접종 후 뉴캣슬병 임상증상은 84% 이상에서 원기 및 식욕저하와 기면을 보였고 27%에서 설사, 15%에서 호홉곤란, 10%에서는 사경을 보였다. 부견소견상 출혈반은 십이지장(51%), 기관(36%), 회장(13%), 맹장편도(11%), 선위(10%) 순으로 관찰되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.738-742
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• 1999

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccination on performance of broiler chicks for five weeks. Two types of poultry houses and three patterns of vaccination ($NDV^-/IBDV^-$, $NDV^+/IBDV^-$ and $NDV^+/IBDV^+$) were factorially assigned to six treatments. NDV, B1 strain and IBDV, Bursin-2 vaccine were orally administered at 5, 14 and 7, 18 days, respectively. Forty eight hundred chicks were grouped into four replications with two hundnyd hybro $\times$ hybro chicks per each treatment. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality and product index were surveyed at the end of experiment. Bursa index and IBDV antibody titer of chicks were weekly measured. Weight gain of chicks vaccinated with $NDV^+/IBDV^+$ was significantly increased compared to that of other treatments at both window and windowless poultry houses (p<0.05). Chicks vaccinated with $NDV^+/IBDV^+$ also showed significantly improving the FCR and mortality compared to those of other treatments at both poultry houses (p<0.05). The bursa indecies of both poultry houses were high from one-day- to three-weeks-old, but were low for the rest of two weeks. IBDV antibody of all chicks was detected 100% by agar gel precipitation (AGP) test at one day old, but was not detected in $NDV^-/IBDV^-$ and $NDV^+/IBDV^-$ treatments at four weeks old. However, it showed 100% in $NDV^+/IBDV^+$ treatment. Antibody titer using ELISA showed similar trend to that of AGP test. The results of this experiment confirmed that IBDV and NDV combined vaccine significantly improved the performance of broiler chicks.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2003

육계에서 생균제의 급여에 대한 효과는 의견이 다양하다. 그러므로 본 연구는 육계 사료에 혼합 미생물제의 첨가가 성장능력, 장내 미생물, 혈중 콜레스테롤, 백신 항체가에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실행하였다. 1일령 코우브 육계 수컷 320수를 혼합 생균제 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3%수준의 사료에 5반복으로 평사에서 35일간 사양실험을 하였다. 기초사료의 영양소는 사육전기와 후기에 각각 CP 21.5, 19%와 대사에너지는 3,100 kcal/kg으로 하였다. 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율은 주간별로 측정하였으며, 장내 살모넬라, 대장균, 유산균, 효모균 수는 실험 종료시에 회장과 맹장에서 측정하였다. ND 백신 항체가와 콜레스테롤도 실험 종료시에 처리구별로 채혈한 후에 혈장을 분리하여 분석하였다. 미생물제 0.1과 0.2% 급여구에서 사육전기에 증체량은 669.33, 679.75g으로 대조구보다 높았으며, 사육후기에도 동일한 경향을 보였다. 사육 전기 3주간에 사료요구율은 미생물 급여구에서 대조구보다 개선되는 경향을 보였으며, 전 사육기간에 1.611, 1.621로서 대조구의 1.660에 비하여 개선되었다. 미생물 급여구에서 ND백신 항체가는 대조구에 비하여 증대되었으며, 회장 소화물의 살모넬라수는 감소되지 않았지만 효모균 수는 0.1% 급여구에서 증가하였다. 맹장에서는 유산균과 효모균 수가 대조구보다 높게 나타났다. 혈중전체 콜레스테롤은 0.1% 급여구에서 다른 처리구보다 높게 나타났을지라도 HDL의 비율은 대조구보다 현저하게 높았다(P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과 육계사료에 혼합 미생물제의 첨가는 육계의 생산능력과 간접적으로 면역능력을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.대조구보다 많은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 또한 회장에서는 살모넬라 및 대장균의 수가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 AO 배양물의 급여는 육계의 생산성을 향상시키며, 장내미생물총 및 사육환경을 개선시키는 것으로 판단된다..)', 'have a headache (2.10±0.79)', 'poor memory (2.09±0.83)', 'no appetite (1.99±0.85)', As for the correlation between iron parameter and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the hematocrit rate was negatively correlated with 'get a cold easily', 'pale face', 'feeling blue', 'difficult digestion' (p<0.05). The level of iron was negatively correlated with 'tired out easily', 'get a cold easily' (p<0.05) and TS (%) were negatively correlated with 'tired out easily (p<0.05)', 'get a cold easily (p<0.01). Our study resulted that the prevalence of a iron deficiency of a middle school girl is very high, therefore the guidelines for iron supplementation and nutritional education to improve their

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.144-150
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• 1997

We developed a simple and efficient method to prepare a Pseudomonas vaccine of outer membrane (OM) proteins free from lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A three step purification process including extraction, ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation effectively removed LPS from the OM protein fraction. Approximately 2 mg of the OM proteins was obtained from 1 g of wet cell. LPS contaminant in the vaccine preparation was less than 0.003% (w/w) of protein and protease activity was not detectable. To achieve a wide range of protection, OM proteins prepared from four attenuated P. aeruginosa strains were mixed in equal amounts and used as a vaccine, which elicited in rabbits a high titer of antibody reactive to all of the seven Fisher types. The antisera from the immunized rabbit had a strong reactivity to vaccine proteins larger than 25 kDa. In a burned mouse infection model, immunization with the vaccine significantly enhanced bacterial clearance in the Pseudomonas infected skin. The vaccination also provided mice an excellent protection against Pseudomonas infection (11, 16). Data on antigenicity, mutagenicity, acute, subacute toxicity and pharmacological tests confirmed the safety of the vaccine (1, 3, 10, 12, 17). These data demonstrate that this method can be applied to manufacture a bacterial vaccine of OM proteins with safety and prophylactic efficacy at a practical low cost.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.489-499
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• 2019

Subunit vaccines are safer and more stable than live vaccines although they have the disadvantage of eliciting poor immune response. To develop a subunit vaccine, an effective delivery system targeting the key elements of the protective immune response is a prerequisite. In this study, oxidized carbon nanospheres (OCNs) were used as a subunit vaccine delivery system and tuberculosis (TB) was chosen as a model disease. TB is among the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide and an effective vaccine is urgently needed. The ability of OCNs to deliver recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proteins, Ag85B and HspX, into bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) and dendritic cells (BMDCs) was investigated. For immunization, OCNs were mixed with the two TB antigens as well as the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). The protective efficacy was analyzed in vaccinated mice by aerosol Mtb challenge with a virulent strain of Mtb and the bacterial burdens were measured. The results showed that OCNs are highly effective in delivering Mtb proteins into the cytosol of BMDMs and BMDCs. Upon immunization, this vaccine formula induced robust Th1 immune response characterized by cytokine profiles from restimulated splenocytes and specific antibody titer. More importantly, enhanced cytotoxic $CD8^+$ T cell activation was observed. However, it did not reduce the bacteria burden in the lung and spleen from the aerosol Mtb challenge. Taken together, OCNs are highly effective in delivering subunit protein vaccine and induce robust Th1 and $CD8^+$ T cell response. This vaccine delivery system is suitable for application in settings where cell-mediated immune response is needed.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2023

Porcine epidemic diarrhea is an infectious intestinal disease caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Especially, when suckling piglets are infected, the mortality rate is close to 100%. PEDV is classified into G1 and G2 types based on genetic differences. The G2 type PEDV outbreak in the United States in 2013 was highly pathogenic and contagious, and it has spread worldwide and caused continuous economic losses. Most commercial vaccines used are G1 type vaccines, and existing vaccines do not fully protect piglets due to genetic differences. In this study, we evaluated the safety of the newly developed G2 type attenuated HSGP vaccine strain by inoculating it into piglets and testing whether the vaccine virus spreads to the non-vaccinated, negative pigs and whether the vaccine reverts to its virulence during serial passage experiments. Each experiment lasted for 7 days for each passage, and fecal viral titers, clinical symptoms, and weight gain were measured daily. After the experiment, necropsy was performed to measure intestinal virus titer and pathological evaluation. As a result of the first passage, no transmission of the vaccine virus to negative pigs co-housed with vaccinated pigs was observed. In addition, after four consecutive passage experiments, the clinical symptoms and small intestine lesions were gradually alleviated, and no virus was detected in the feces in the fourth passage experiment. Therefore, it was concluded that the vaccine was safe without virulence reversion in accordance with the guidelines of the current licensing authority. However, further studies are needed on the genetic changes and biological characteristics of the mutant virus that occur during successive passages of the attenuated vaccine since the replication and clinical symptoms of the virus increased until the third passage during successive passages of the vaccine virus. Based on this study, it was concluded that virulence reversion and safety evaluation of attenuated vaccines through serial passage in target animals can be useful to evaluate the safety of attenuated viruses.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2000

Duck viral hepatitis is an acutic, highly infectious viral disease of young ducklings. The most practical means for controlling duck viral hepatitis is the vaccination of ducklings or of a breeding stock. We attempted to develop a vaccine strain of duck hepatitis virus (DHV) using a Korean isolate by serial chicken embryo passages. The propagation of DHV in chicken embryos was carried 140 passages. After the $50^{th}$ passage, of which the virus was non-pathogenic for ducklings, approximately every $20^{th}$ passage of the virus was tested for vaccinal efficacy. Both the $70^{th}$ and $90^{th}$ passage of the virus gave good protection against challenge infection to a DHV-DRL reference strain(type 1) and a virulent Korean isolate. The $110^{th}$, $125^{th}$ and $140^{th}$ passage of the virus were less protective than the $70^{th}$ and $90^{th}$ passage, which means that more than $110^{th}$ passage may lead to over-attenuation of the virus. Ducklings vaccinated with the chicken-embryo-adapted virus by oral, intramuscular or eye drop administration showed earlier resistance to challenge infection from 3 to 7 days postvaccination. Of the above methods, ducklings vaccinated intramuscularly presented the most rapid resistance against challenge. The minimum immune dose of the chicken-embryo-adapted virus in ducklings was also studied. Ducklings inoculated with a dose of $10^{2.0}\;ELD_{50}$ and below were not fully protected against challenge with a virulent DHV, showing a protection rate of 67% to 73%, but ducklings inoculated with a dose of $10^{3.0}\;ELD_{50}$ and over were completely protected. The virus yield of the chicken-embryo-adapted DHV was examined at 24hrs and 48hrs of the incubation time in the allantoic fluid, embryo head and embryo minus head of the embryonating egg. In all three components, the titer of the virus was higher at 48 hours than that at 24 hours after incubation. And the titer of the virus was higher in the embryo minus head, embryo head and the allantoic fluid, in order. Field trials for evaluating the efficacy of the attenuated DHV as a live vaccine were done in duck farms with about 25% mortality of flocks resulting from duck viral hepatitis. After the use of the experimental vaccine, the mortality due to duck viral hepatitis was dramatically reduced in the farms. These results indicated that the attenuated DHV using a Korean isolate could be a good candidate as a live vaccine strain of DHV in Korea.