• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.50.1-50.9
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• 2023

Vaccine development is one of the key efforts to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it has become apparent that the immunity acquired through vaccination is not permanent, known as the waning effect. Therefore, monitoring the proportion of the population with immunity is essential to improve the forecasting of future waves of the pandemic. Despite this, the impact of the waning effect on forecasting accuracies has not been extensively studied. We proposed a method for the estimation of the effective immunity (EI) rate which represents the waning effect by integrating the second and booster doses of COVID-19 vaccines. The EI rate, with different periods to the onset of the waning effect, was incorporated into three statistical models and two machine learning models. Stringency Index, omicron variant BA.5 rate (BA.5 rate), booster shot rate (BSR), and the EI rate were used as covariates and the best covariate combination was selected using prediction error. Among the prediction results, Generalized Additive Model showed the best improvement (decreasing 86% test error) with the EI rate. Furthermore, we confirmed that South Korea's decision to recommend booster shots after 90 days is reasonable since the waning effect onsets 90 days after the last dose of vaccine which improves the prediction of confirmed cases and deaths. Substituting BSR with EI rate in statistical models not only results in better predictions but also makes it possible to forecast a potential wave and help the local community react proactively to a rapid increase in confirmed cases.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.147-155
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• 1995

HRccine was administered subcutaneously for 4 weeks to rabbits at dose levels of 300, 60 and 12 times the expected clinical dose to evaluate the subacute toxicity. There were no effects in clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption, water consumption, urinalysis and blood biochemistry in any animals tested. In hematological examinations, decrease of lymphocyte counts and increase of platelet counts were observed in the medium- and high-dose treated groups. Absolute weights of thymus were tending to decrease, but no pathological changes were observed in microscopic examinations. The no-effect dose in subacute toxicity study of rabbits was considered to be 300 times the expected clinical dose.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.137-145
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• 1995

HRccine was administered subcutaneously to rats for 4 weeks at dose levels of 300, 60 and 12 times the expected clinical dose to evaluate the subacute toxicity. There were no treatment-related effects in clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption, water consumption, urinalysis and blood biochemistry in any dose groups. In hematological examinations, increase of leucocyte counts and decrease of hemoglobin concentration were observed in the high dose-treated group. However, no treatment-attributable pathological changes were observed in microscopic examinations. The no-effect dose in subacute toxicity study of rats was considered to be 300 times the expected clinical dose.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.271-272
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• 2002

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines were produced from Vero cells by using lively attenuated virus strain. The MOI of 0.1.' serum concentration of 2%. initial pH of 8.0. and infection time of 3 days were found to be optimum conditions for vaccine production. The treatment of polycation enhanced the virus production. When ascorbic acid was added as an antioxidant, NDV production was also enhanced. Utilization of $CaCl_2$ showed an inhibitory effect on the propagation of NDV. It was also found the ammonium ion concentration higher than 4mM inhibited virus production. Thus ammonium ion removal system was tried for the efficient production of NDV vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2007

Pasteurella multocida Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is a causal pathogenin atrophic rhinitis in pigs. To investigate the protective immunity and vaccination effect of recombinantPMT, the gene for PMT was isolated from the infective P. multocida D:4. The 2.3 kb XhoI/PstI fragment(PMT2.3) of PMT gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using the induced expression vector system.The recombinant protein of PMT2.3 having molecular weight of 84 kDa was purified by Ni-afinitycolumn chromatography. The PMT2.3 raised slightly less anti-PMT antibody titer than formalin-killedwhole cel, however, it showed more protective imunity against P. multocida D:4 infection in vaccinationand chalenge.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.162.1-162.1
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• 2003

Endotoxin has been detected by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test. However, aluminum hydroxide used as an adjuvant and adsorbent for the recombinant protein antigen is known to increase efficacy of lipopolysaccharide vaccine in vivo thus interfering endotoxin test. The aim of this study is to determine effect of aluminum hydroxide on the LAL test using the hepatitis B vaccine as a model and to optimize the LAL test condition not to be interfered by aluminum gydroxide. (omitted)

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.261-270
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• 2016

The human immune system has evolved to fight against foreign pathogens. It plays a central role in the body's defense mechanism. However, the immune memory geared to fight off a previously recognized pathogen, tends to remember an original form of the pathogen when a variant form subsequently invades. This has been termed 'original antigenic sin'. This adverse immunological effect can alter vaccine effectiveness and sometimes cause enhanced pathogenicity or additional inflammatory responses, according to the type of pathogen and the circumstances of infection. Here we aim to give a simplified conceptual understanding of virus infection and original antigenic sin by comparing and contrasting the two examples of recurring infections such as influenza and dengue viruses in humans.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2006

The mutability and frequency of genetic reassortment characteristic of rotavirus and resultant antigenic changes make the rotavirus formidable challenges for control efforts such as the vaccine development. An alternative approach to overcome these difficulties in development of the rotavirus vaccine is to develop effective inhibitors of the virus infection. As an effort to achieve this, effects of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), which is an active component of glycyrrhizin, on MA-14 cell infection were examined by employing the human rotavirus isolated from Korea, K-21. The data obtained showed that MA-104 cell infection of the K-21 rotavirus was greatly influenced by the presence of both $18{\alpha}-Ga\;and\;18{\beta}-GA$. Both types of GA have inhibited more than 60% of the rotaviral infection at the concentration of 7.68mM. This inhibition effect became much more evident at the higher concentrations of GA. However, the type of GA did not make much differences on the inhibition effect of the drug. Although GA has to be used in high concentrations to exhibit anti-viral activity and to be virostatic, a long history of safe and high dose usage of licoriece in clinical settings in the Far East makes the GA as an attractive inhibitor of the rotaviral infection.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.170-176
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• 2015

In vaccine development, the major points may be induction of effective and increased levels of antibody production. This is especially the case when the antigenic sources are carbohydrates. For many years, thus, we have researched various types of formulations such as liposomal and conjugate vaccines. However, the fastidious formulation process and high costs are a problem. For this reason, there is currently a focus on utilizing immunoadjuvants. In this present study, we tested if platycodin D (PLD) from Platycodon Radix have immunoadjuvant activity against the cell wall of Candida albicans (CACW). The resulting data showed that in the murine model of antibody production, CACW combined with PLD [CACW/PLD/IFA] increased the production of antibodies specific to C. albicans when compared to the antibody production by [CACW/IFA]-induction, which was used as a negative control (P<0.05). In the case of [CACW/PLD/IFA], the antibody production was 1.4 times as that of the CFA. In addition, formulations containing either had a prolonged antibody inducing activity maintaining the initial titers of antibody as compared to the CFA formula. Cytokine profiling with the antisera displayed that the PLD produced both Th1 and Th2 immunoresponses, but Th1 dominant was much greater (P<0.05). Furthermore, [CACW/PLD/IFA] formula enhanced resistance of mice against disseminated candidiasis, whereas the CFA had no such effect. In conclusion, PLD has an immunologic activity, which is protective against the disease. Thus, PLD can be a goof candidate for a new immunoadjuvant in development of the fungal vaccine.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.49-60
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• 1999

In this paper we introduce the definition and historical overviews of computer virus program and review their side-effect and ways of infections. We describe the feature of CIH virus which damaged lots of PC systems in Asian countries recently and propose new methods how to rescue against destruction under the operating system of the Microsoft's Windows 95/98. Our experiment results can fix hard disk having FAT32 file system structure and show some popular program cases of having recovered by commercial vaccine program.