• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2010

The present study attempts to investigate declination in Korean and its relevant aspects to the length of utterance, the clause boundary, and focus. More specifically, I examine the relation of declination with the length of utterance, the declination reset at the clause boundary, and the effect of focus on declination. Results showed that the length of utterance had no relation with the first and last pitch values of the utterance but that they were consistent regardless of the length of utterance. However, the declination slope changed to be relatively gentle from the fourth accentual phrase to the end of the whole intonational phrase. There was a reset of declination in such a way that the first pitch in the second phrase was always lower than that of the first phrase, but the first pitch in the third phrase was not always lower than that of the second phrase when the whole utterance was composed of three phrases. Finally, the pitch values of the focusing words decreased as their position went back in a sentence. One declination line was formed in the case of focused utterance, but in the case of an utterance that contained a clause boundary, a new declination line was formed at the start of each new clause. These findings can be applied to developing a Korean speech synthesizer that contains natural prosody; they can be also utilized for teaching Korean prosody.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.554-559
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• 1996

An utterance is normally divided into two or more intonation groups. Bach intonation group has its intonation pattern. Pitch movement of Spanish utterance is basically determined by a combination of two factors: position of the stressed syllables and the intonation pattern. The pitch of a syllable can be affected by that of preceding syllables. This is rather a physiological effect than a phonological one.

• 음성과학
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• 제1권
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• pp.137-152
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• 1997

The objectives of this paper are to see how the declination is realized in the different positions/lengths of the utterance, to see if the $F_0$ value throughout the utterance changes in a predictable way, and if so, to find out the best quantitative model which fits the declination. The experiment results are as follows. First, the peak value over the utterance can be affected by the position of the peak and length of the utterance. Second, the choice of quantitative models is dependent on the different list lengths. Third, in everyone's speech, there is a baseline (the lowest $F_0$ value a speaker can use), and the $F_0$ will not fall below the baseline. Forth, the peak $F_0$ of the last word in each list shows little variation in pitch value (target $F_0$) while the number of words in the list affects the starting $F_0$ values.

• 한국어학
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• 제81권
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• pp.245-265
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to prepare the basis for a more objective evaluation of oral fluency by analyzing Korean native speaker's utterance. Traditionally, fluency evaluation tended to rely on the evaluators' experience and subjective idea. Therefore, there has been a need of setting the evaluation standard in numeric form that is easily measurable. In this study, I will analyze Korean native speaker's utterance in focus of pause. Total number of 875 pauses were extracted from the 21st Century Sejong Korean spoken corpus, and the elements before and after the pauses were annotated. From the analysis results, the pauses were divided between fluent pauses and influent pauses. If the length of fluent pauses do not exceed reasonable length of pause for native Korean speakers, there was no point reduction. On the other hand, if the influent pauses are made more frequently than the native Korean speakers, then it is subject to point reduction.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2002

This study examined the foreign accent of Korean speakers of English concerning vowel length and utterance position. It then attempts to explain the foreign accent of Koreans when they speak English. The method was to measure the sentence-initial and sentence-final vowels as spoken by Koreans. I chose these two positions, sentence-initial and sentence-final, in order to know if Korean speakers of English, compared with native English speakers, show a difference in sentence stress. I chose English diphthongs, because most Koreans have difficulty pronouncing these sounds. I found that Korean speakers of English as a second language do not know English sentence stress patterns and show a foreign accent, especially when using diphthongs.

• 한국어학
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• 제81권
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• pp.267-297
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• 2018

Vowel raising in Korean has been primarily treated as a phonological, categorical change. This study aims to show how the Korean connective suffix {-go} is realized in various environments, and propose a principle of vowel raising based on both acoustic and perceptual data. To that end, we used a corpus of spoken Korean to analyze the types of syntactic constructions, the realization of prosodic boundaries (IP and PP), and the types of boundary tone associated with {-go}. It was found that the vowel tends to be raised most frequently in utterance-final position, while in utterance-medial position the vowel was raised more when the syntactic and prosodic distance between {-go} and the following constituent was smaller. The results for boundary tone also showed a correlation between vowel raising and the discourse function of the boundary tone. In conclusion, we propose that vowel raising is not simply an optional phenomenon, but rather a type of phonetic reduction related to the comprehension of the following constituent.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 한국어의 휴지 실현에 과제, 세대, 성별이라는 변수가 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 구어 코퍼스에서 세대, 성별에 따른 총 48명을 선정하여 두 가지 발화 과제 데이터를 분석하였다. 휴지는 발화에서 출현하는 위치와 들숨 동반 여부에 따라 들숨 동반 발화 말 휴지, 들숨 동반 발화 내 휴지, 들숨 비동반 발화 말 휴지, 들숨 비동반 발화 말 휴지로 구분하여 살펴보았고 각각의 빈도와 길이, 그리고 휴지에 영향을 줄 수 있는 다양한 요소들을 함께 살펴보았다. 그 결과 발화 말 휴지 길이가 발화 내 휴지 길이보다 약 160 ms 이상 더 긴 것을 확인하였다. 이는 휴지가 운율적 정규성을 가지며, 발화 말 휴지는 발화의 종결을 신호하는 역할을 체계적으로 수행한다는 것을 의미한다. 자유 발화는 낭독 발화보다 더 긴 휴지가 더 자주 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 낭독 발화에서는 화자의 즉각적이고 적극적인 발화 계획이 요구되기 때문이다. 성별의 경우 전반적으로 남성은 여성보다 길고 빈번한 휴지를 보였다. 특히 들숨 동반 휴지는 남성이 여성보다 길었다. 세대의 경우 장년층이 청년층보다 더 자주 휴지를 산출했다. 이 밖에도 변수 간 상호 작용 효과가 관찰되었다. 휴지 길이의 성별 차이에 따르면 남성이 여성보다 휴지 길이가 긴데, 이는 특히 발화 말 휴지에서 두드러졌다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of utterance internal pause in English speaking evaluation. To avoid possible confusion with other errors caused by segmental and prosodic inaccuracy, stem utterances with two different length obtained from a native speaker were manipulated to make a set of stimuli tokens through insertion of pauses whose length and position vary. After a total of 90 participants classified into three proficiency groups rated the stimuli, the scored data set was statistically analyzed in terms of the mixed effects model. It was confirmed that predictors such as pause length, pause position and utterance length significantly influence raters' evaluation scores. Especially, a dominating effect was found in such a way that raters gradually deducted scores in accordance with the increase of pause duration. In another experiment, a tree-based statistical learning technique was utilized to check which of the significant predictors played a more influential role than others. The findings in this paper are expected to be practically informative for both the test takers who are preparing for an English speaking test and the raters who desire to develop more objective rubric of speaking evaluation.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.85-91
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• 1999

본 연구는 한국어 유음 /l/의 두 변이음 중 [r]의 음성적 실현에 대해 실험음성학적으로 고찰해보았다. 분절음들의 음성학적 실현은 인접해 있는 분절음으로부터 영향을 받을 뿐만 아니라 분절음의 운율적 위치 또한 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 이런 운율적 위치가 변이음 [r]의 음성적 실현에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 운율적 위치는 발화문장 초, 억양구 초, 악센트구 초, 그리고 악센트구 말로 분류하였으며 그리고 단어 내 위치에 따른 영향 또한 살펴보기 위하여 단어 초, 단어 중간, 단어 말로 분류하였다. 네 명의 피험자를 대상으로 음성 실험과 그에 따른 통계 분석 결과, [r]의 음성적 실현은 다양한 것으로 나타났다. 가장 약화 정도가 심한 공명음에서부터, 마찰음, 그리고 [r]의 전형적인 음성적 실현인 짧은 파열음으로까지 다양하게 실현되었다. 짧은 파열음 내에서도 폐쇄구간과 VOT의 길이 또한 다양하게 나타났다. 이들의 다양한 음성적 실현에 미치는 요인 중의 하나는 단어 내 [r]이 나타나는 위치로서 단어 초(때에 따라서는 단어 말에서도)에서가 단어 중간에서보다 약화 현상이 덜한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 음성, 운율 단위초 강화 현상과 단위말 장음화 현상에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 운율적 위치에 따라서도 다양하게 실현되었는데 일반적으로 운율적으로 약한 자리에서가 강한 자리에서보다 약화된 형태인 공명음 또는 마찰음으로 실현되는 경향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 폐쇄구간이 약화되지 않고 짧은 폐쇄음으로 실현될 경우 폐쇄구간 지속시간은 운율위치와 뚜렷한 상관관계를 보이지 않는 반면 VOT 지속시간은 단어 초 위치에서 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 즉, 발화문장 초와 억양구 초에서가 악센트구 초와 악센트구 중간에서보다 강하게, 즉 길게 실현되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 [r]의 음성적 실현이 운율적 계층성에 따라 달라지며 운율적으로 강한 자리에서가 약한 자리에서 보다. 또는, 계층적으로 높은 위치에서가 낮은 위치에서보다 분절음 자신의 음성적 특성의 변형(약화)을 덜 입는 것으로 해석할 수 있겠다.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.187-201
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• 2000

This study was done to investigate the English vowels in relation to the foreign accent. In this study, I also tried to find out the foreign accent of the English diphthong /o/ and front low vowel /${\ae}$/ when Koreans speak English. The reason why I chose these vowels is that these vowels, /o/ and /${\ae}$/, are difficult for Koreans to discern and pronounce. Koreans show a foreign accent in their pronunciation. In order to find out the reason for a Korean foreign accent, experiments were carried out with the help of acoustic instruments. According to the results of the experiment, Koreans showed a foreign accent in their English pronunciation of vowels in relation to their utterance positions. Americans showed a final lengthening effect but Koreans showed a final shortening effect. This means that Koreans showed a foreign accent in the final stressed syllable of a sentence. In addition to this, the duration of two English vowels, /o/ and /${\ae}$/, showed considerably different features between Koreans and Americans. In fact, in the pronunciation of the diphthong /o/, the tongue moves from one position to another. The two articulations of a diphthong can be described as the nucleus plus a glide. However, most Koreans have no idea of this phenomenon and pronounce the diphthongs like two separate monophthongs. This causes a great difference in the lengths of English diphthong /o/ between Koreans and Americans.