• 제목/요약/키워드: utensils

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주식류(主食類)의 문헌적(文獻的) 고찰(考察) -(1670년${\sim}$1943년에 발간된 우리말 조리서를 중심으로)- (A Bibliographieal Study on the Main Dishes)

  • 장혜진;이효지
    • 한국식생활문화학회지
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    • 제4권3호
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    • pp.201-211
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    • 1989
  • In this treatise, the kinds of main dishes and the frequency of them, and the materials, the variation of recipe, the measuring units, the cooking utensils, and the measuring terms, which used for making main foods were studied from the books published from 1670 to 1943 in Korea. 1. Main dishes were classified as Bap, Zook: Am-Zook, Mee-Um: Yue-Yi: Won-Mi, Guck-Soo: Naeng-Myun, Man-Doo: Duck-Guk: Soo-Jae-Bee. 2. There were 115 kinds of main dishes including 21 kinds of Bap and Yack-Bap, and 34 kinds of Zook and Am-Zook, 11 kinds of Mee-Um, Yue-Yi and Won-Mi, and 21 kinds of Man-Doo, Duck-Guk and Soo-Jae-Bee. 3. There were 41 kinds of measuring units used for making main dishes including 17 kinds of volume units, 3 kinds of weight units, 14 kinds of quantity units, 4 kinds of units for length, thickness, and 3 kinds of the others. 4. There were 62 kinds of cooking utensils among which Ssot (iron-pot) was the most widely used, but nowadays the most of them were rarely used due to automatization and mechanization of living tools. 5. All cooking terms were 148 kinds including 52 kinds of terms for the preparing process, 24 kinds of terms for the mixing process, 30 kinds of terms for the making-shape process, 18 kinds of terms for the heating process, 16 kinds of terms for the chopping process, and 8 kinds of terms for the setting process.

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식생활교육 프로그램의 중요도-만족도 분석 - 서울·경기 식생활교육 프로그램 참여자를 중심으로 - (Importance-Satisfaction Analysis of a Dietary Life Education Program - Focusing on Dietary Life Education Program Participants in Seoul and Gyeonggi -)

  • 박숙현;정희선
    • 한국식품영양학회지
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.284-292
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    • 2018
  • This study was conducted to determine the elements that are required and that need improvement in the contents of dietary life education and the educational environment by analyzing the importance-satisfaction of a dietary life education program for dietary life education trainees. The results of the rank test for the satisfactory elements of dietary life education were in the order of competence of instructors, educational contents, time of education, educational environment and affordability of tuition. The importance-satisfaction analysis of the contents and construction of the dietary life education program showed that "suitable contents for the theme of the class", "contents and construction of practice class", "diversity of practice menu" and "diversity of educational contents" had high importance and satisfaction scores and therefore, could be maintained at their current levels. Meanwhile, "adequacy of class time" and "contents and construction of theory class" showed low importance and satisfaction scores, requiring a little effort. Whereas, "time and construction of group practice", "structure of textbook for class" and "duration of course and number of classes" showed relatively low satisfaction compared to importance, requiring major efforts for improvement. Similarly, analysis of the lecture element from dietary life education showed that "professional lecture by instructors", "lectures suitable for themes" and "lecture applicable in real life" had relatively low satisfaction compared to importance, requiring major efforts for improvement. In addition, analysis of the educational environment from dietary life education showed that "adequacy of lecture room space", "cooking equipment", "diversity of cooking utensils" and "sanitary condition of cooking utensils" also require major efforts for improvement. Therefore, dietary life education should not be executed with a simple delivery of knowledge but with both theory and practice classes to increase its application in real life, and active and specific efforts are required to nurture professional instructors and establish educational strategies.

문헌에 기록된 식해(食?)의 분석적 고찰 (A Bibliographical Study On the Shikke)

  • 이미영;이효지
    • 한국식생활문화학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.39-51
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    • 1989
  • Korean Chochgal is a kind of salted, fermentive food mainly made of fish in our country. It has been a suitable side'dish for the diet of rice. It has made use of an accompaniment of wine, seasoning, food of ceremony and a folk remedy. There were various kinds of Chochgal and various way of for preparation. For a long time it has developed in how to cook and how to eat. Nowaday, it has lessened to use Chochgal. In this thesis, the kinds of Chochgal and the reference frequency to them, the material, the measuring unit of material, the making terms, and the cooking kitchen utensils are studied out of the 86 books published in Korea from 1200 to 1984. 1. It was classifed Choch, Sikhae, and Oyukchang as how to cook. 2. There were 147 kinds of Chochgal, 100 kinds of Choch, 40 kinds of Sikhae and 7 kinds of Oyukchang in our traditional documents. 3. Materials were classified into main material, sub-material, and seasonings. As main materials there were fish, internals of fish, spawn, flesh, salt and soy sauce. As sub-materials there were seasoning, flavor, vegetables and cereals. 4. There were 41 kinds of measuring units. Of them, 17 kinds are for volume, 9 kinds are for quantity, 3 kinds are for length, and 12 kinds are for the rest. 5. There were 52 kinds of cooking kitchen utensils. They used mainly a sieve and pebbles. To store Chochkal a kind of jar, a woodenware and a clay ware were used. To shelter it from the wind, they sealed it with leaves and oiled paper. But few of them are used nowaday. 6. There were 209 kinds of cooking terms. Of them, 35 kinds are for the washing process, 51 kinds are for the preparing process, 38 kinds are for the making process, 25 kinds are for the fermenting process, 24 kinds are for the keeping process, and 36 kinds are for the eating(using) process.

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조선시대(朝鮮時代) 술에 관한 분석적(分析的) 고찰(考察) -조선중기(朝鮮中期) 1600 년대(年代)를 중심(中心)으로- (A Study on Wine of Yi Dynasty in 1600)

  • 최종희;이효지
    • 한국식생활문화학회지
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.17-24
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    • 1987
  • As people know how to brew a wine from fruits and cereals, they continued to develope various wines good to their taste. Korean wines are also ones made from cereals and they have long been eager to improve the delicate taste. They used to drink Takju, raw rice wine, made from nonglutinous rice and Nuruk, a kind of yeast starter. During Koryo Dynasty, Soju a liquor was imported from Won(the Chinese dynasty). Nowadays this traditional folk wine, which had been developed variously and drunk all over the country, is decreasing year after year. The purpose of this study was to review on the wines ; its kinds, raw materials, brewing method, manufacturing utensils, measuring units and devices and the terms for wine making based on 20 documents published in 1600, in the middle of Yi dynesty. The results of review were as follows. 1. There were 121 kinds of wines at that time in Korea. 2. Among the raw materials for wines, major materials were glutinous rice, nonglutinous rice, wheat flour, wheat, mung bean, and black soybean. And minor materials were pepper corn, Lycium chinenisis, cinnamon, pine needles, pine nuts, jujube, mugwort leaves, lotus leaves, pine corn, pine bud, chrysanthemum, pine flowers, honey, Acanthopanox seoultenses, bamboo-root, marrowbone of blak cow, sweet flag, Ciprus noblis, Saurea lappa, honey suckle, Tricho santhes, azalea, the leaves of the paper mulberry, and bark of chungum tree. 3. There were several kinds of wines such as a wine without using Nuruk, a wine made from glutinous rice, nonglutinous rice, or glutinous and nonglutinous rice with flour. 4. There were several brewing methods for wines such as a wine boiled with ring rice cake, a wine brewed with loaves of rice cake, a wine brewed with hard boiled rice, a wine brewed with rice gruel, and a wine brewed with powdered rice gruel. 5. There were 23 kinds of utensils including measuring devices for weight and volume.

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서울 시내 요식 업소의 위생 상태 및 급식되는 음식의 미생물적 품질 개선을 위한 연구 (A Study for the Improvement of the Sanitary Condition as well as Quality of Foods Served in Various Types of Restaurants in Seoul City Area)

  • 곽동경;박경해
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제1권2호
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    • pp.121-131
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    • 1986
  • 우리나라 요식업소의 작업 환경 및 급식되는 음식의 위생 상태를 위생 점검표 및 미생물 검사 결과를 기초로 분석, 평가한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 주방 및 객실의 위생 상태와 음식점 종사자의 위생 습관은 잠재적 위험성이 존재하는 불량 상태로 평가되어 요식업소 경영자와 종업원의 위생 개념에 대한 교육이 절실히 요구된다. 2) 음식에 대한 미생물 분석 결과, 요식업소의 업종 및 규모에 관계없이 탕류와 같은 높은 온도에서 조리되는 음식의 미생물적 품질은 비교적 좋았으나, 여러 단계의 생산 과정을 거치거나 실온에서 장시간 방치되는 음식 및 차게 급식되는 음식은 미생물적 품질이 낮게 나타났다. 3) 음식의 준비와 조리 과정에서 사용되는 기구 및 용기, 배선시 사용되는 식기의 위생 상태는 미생물 검사 결과, 매우 심각한 상태로 즉각적인 시정이 요구된다. 4) 식품 취급습관 및 주방의 위생환경, 음식의 조리 온도 등은 급식되는 음식의 위생 상태와 유의적인 상관 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

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2011-2019년 식품용 기구 및 용기·포장의 제외국 부적합 정보 분석 (Analysis of Non-compliance of Food Utensils, Containers, and Packages in Foreign Countries During 2011-2019)

  • 조승용;이예연;조상구
    • 한국포장학회지
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.141-147
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    • 2021
  • The foreign trends of noncompliance occurring frequently in food contact materials during the period of 2011-2019 was investigated by analyzing the food safety risk information DB in the National Food Safety Information Service (NFSI). A total of 2,042 cases of noncompliance of food utensils, containers, and packages were classified into 5 violation categories; administrative procedures, manufacturing and processing standards, residues and migration standards, labeling and advertising, and quality standards. This was again subcategorized according to non-compliance causative factors. The non-compliances in residues and migration standards comprised the largest proportion (76.4%) of the violative categories. The number of noncompliance information collected in 2011 was 88 cases and increased to 373 cases in 2019. A 72.8% of the non-compliance case was identified to be products of 4 countries (China 64.2%, Germany 4.0%, Japan 3.2%, and Taiwan 3.1%), those produce large quantities of containers and packaging products. During the period of 2011-2019, the number of illegal use of hazardous materials and illegal recycling of waste synthetic resins has decreased to less than one a year since 2014. On the other hand, after 2016, inconsistency of heat-resisting temperature labeling (Taiwan), non-compliance in paper container's strength standards, violation of printing standards, and the risk of consumer injury while using the products were newly reported due to the strengthening of consumer safety protection regulations. Migration of hazardous substances in synthetic polymer products such as heavy metals, melamine and formaldehyde in melamine tableware, primary aromatic amines which are colorant components in kitchenware such as ladles and spatulas, and phthalate plasticizers have been continuously reported with high frequency.

소와 돼지 도축장 도체 및 환경에서 분리된 병원성대장균 분포 및 특성조사 (Prevalence and characterization of pathogenic Escherichia coli from carcasses and environmental samples of cattle and pig slaughterhouses)

  • 홍세림;강혜정;문진산;윤순식;김하영
    • 한국동물위생학회지
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    • 제45권3호
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    • pp.191-199
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    • 2022
  • We investigated the virulence genes, O-serotypes, antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic E. coli isolated from carcasses (n=455) and environmental (n=372) samples of 11 cattle and 12 pig slaughterhouses from December 2020 to December 2021. E. coli were isolated from nine carcasses (2.0%), three slaughter facilities (1.4%), two utensils (2.7%) and three abattoir workers (3.5%) from four cattle and four pig slaughterhouses. Among all isolates, 13 STEC (76.5%) were identified, followed by four EPEC (23.5%). As a result of the antibiotic susceptibility test, all isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, of which 70.6% isolates showed multidrug resistance patterns. The serotypes were diverse in pigs compared to cattle, with serotypes O18, O66, O109 in cattle and O9, O76, O85, O100, O153, and O159 in pigs. In a single cattle slaughterhouse, eight STEC O66 were isolated from various types of sample (4 slaughter animal surfaces, 3 gloves, and 1 knife) with two antimicrobial resistance patterns (CHL-FIS-STR and CHL-FIS). Those two types of strain were suspected cross-contamination from utensils to slaughter animal surfaces. These results showed that pathogenic E. coli were detected in carcasses and various environmental samples in cattle and pig slaughterhouses. Nationwide monitoring and hygiene management are required to prevent cross-contamination of STEC isolate slaughterhouses.

냉동 냉면류의 제조공정별 미생물학적 위해요소 평가 (Microbial Hazard Analysis of the Manufacturing Processes for Frozen Korean Cold Noodle, Naengmyeon)

  • 김유정;김혜진;임영은;양혜걸;박슬기;정진숙;엄애선
    • 급식외식위생학회지
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.38-44
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    • 2022
  • This study investigated the microbiological hazards in the manufacturing processes of Naengmyeon. Sanitary indicative bacteria, such as aerobic plate counts and coliforms as well as pathogenic bacteria, were examined from raw materials, manufacturing processes, working area, 17 utensils and equipment. The aerobic plate counts for raw materials and arrowroot starch estimated as 0.77±0.68~5.02±0.28 and 5.02±0.28 log CFU/g, respectively. Coliforms were detected from wheat flour, buckwheat flour, and potato starch. Staphylococcus aureus was detected to be 0.61±1.06 log CFU/g in wheat flour and 0.20±0.35 log CFU/g in buckwheat flour. During the manufacturing process, aerobic plate counts for kneading process were 4.54±0.34 log CFU/g. But after the press out and heat process, contamination of aerobic plate counts and coliforms decreased and remained at a low level until the release process. Aerobic plate counts before washing disinfection of screw were 3.28±0.62 log CFU/100 cm2, the level of which was high in utensils and equipment that had contact with employees or water. These results represent not only an important indicator for the hygienic level but also a scientific basis for analyzing biological hazards, which lead to the introduction of HACCP for the production of safe and hygienic cold noodles processed by manufacturers.

단체급식소의 기구등의 살균소독제 사용실태 조사 (Survey on Practical use of Sanitizers and Disinfectants on Food Utensils in Institutional Foodservice)

  • 이유시;이성희;류경;김용수;김형일;최현철;전대훈;이영자;하상도
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.338-345
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    • 2007
  • 본 연구는 서울지역 학교(위탁, 직영)와 산업체의 단체급식소 125개소를 대상으로 살균소독제 사용자 인식도, 세척제 사용실태, 살균소독제의 사용실태 및 관리여부에 대하여 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 기구 등의 살균소독제 사용 문제점을 파악하고 올바른 사용방법과 개선방안을 제시하여 바람직한 단체급식 기구 등의 살균소독제 사용의 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 기구 등의 살균소독제 한시적 인정제도 인식 여부는 학교(위탁) 75%, 학교(직영) 81.8%,산업체급식 50%으로 대부분 알고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 세척과 살균소독의 실시순서는 학교(위탁) 98.6%, 학교(직영) 84.4%, 산업체급식 90%가 세척 후 살균소독을 실시하는 것으로 나타났다. 살균소독제 선택 시 중요 요소로는 학교위탁, 학교직영, 산업체급식에서 살균력(38.6%, 28.6%, 38.9%)과 안전성(독성)(32.6%, 46.1%, 33.3%)이 가장 큰 요인으로 조사되었다. 살균소독지침서는 학교위탁 급식 64.8%, 학교직영급식 52%, 산업체급식 73.7%에서 다양하게 소지하고 있었다. 쉽고 실용적인 살균소독 지침서가 개발된다면 지침서대로 실행할 의사가 있는지 여부는 학교위탁급식 92.7%, 학교직영급식 80%, 산업체급식 68.4%에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 기구 등의 살균소독제 사용에 대해 인식하고 있었지만 살균소독제의 1일 평균 사용량이 50 L로 나타나 하루 사용량의 빈도수가 매우 낮았고, 수질(경우, 연수) 및 물의 온도를 고려하지 않은 채 사용하며 살균력이 낮은 알코올계를 가장 많이 사용하는 것으로 조사되었다. 지침서의 절차가 어렵고 복잡하며, 내용을 작업 환경에 적용하기 어려워 쉽고 실용적인 살균소독 지침서가 개발된다면 실행할 의사가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 올바른 살균소독제 사용방법으로는 제품의 사용방법에 대해 정확히 숙지하여 사용해야 하고, 반드시 세척 후 살균소독을 하여 세척과 살균을 별도로 실시해야 하며, 사용 기구의 재질별, 식품별, 작업 종류별을 고려하여 살균소독제를 선택하여 사용하도록 해야 한다. 따라서 살균소독제에 대한 특징 및 사용 방법 등의 살균소독법이 제시되어 있는 사용지침서를 개발하여 단체급식소에서 위생적이고 안전성이 확보될 수 있어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

합성세제 및 계면활성 성분의 독성학적 연구 (Toxicological Studies on Surfactants and Synthetic Detergents)

  • 홍사욱;이향우;유영효
    • Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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    • 제5권1_2호
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    • pp.37-44
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    • 1990
  • Synthetic detergents and surfactants are in widespread usage as household and industrial detergents. Potential human toxic hazard arises following percutaneous absorption or oral ingestion of solution residues from kitchen and feeding utensils, fruits, and vegetables and contaminated water supplies. A toxicological investigations was performed with the synthetic detergents and surfactants [linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS), ${\alpha}$-olefin sulfonate (AOS), sodium lauryl sulfonate (SLS), sodium lauryl ester sulfonate (SLES)], In acute toxicity, agents were administered subcutaneously into ICR mice. In acute study, after lowering of spontaneous motility, respiratory failure, death appeared, vomitting was often associated with salivation and or retching. No sex difference was observed in LD$\sub$50/ of mice. In subacute toxicity, agents were administered orally into SD rats. Body weight increase was suppressed and there was no adverse effect on food and water consumption. The weight of organs were not changed by agents as compared with control group. No specific change was observed in biochemical and hematologicalor data.

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