• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1751-1759
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion level of soybean oil (SO) and palm oil (PO) on their digestible and metabolism energy (DE and ME) contents when fed to growing pigs by difference and regression method. Sixty-six crossbred growing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire and weighing $38.1{\pm}2.4kg$) were randomly allotted to a $2{\times}5$ factorial arrangement involving 2 lipid sources (SO and PO), and 5 levels of lipid (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) as well as a basal diet composed of corn and soybean meal. The barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of feces and urine, and were fed the assigned test diets at 4% of initial body weight per day. A 5-d total collection of feces and urine followed a 7-d diet adaptation period. The results showed that the DE and ME contents of SO and PO determined by the difference method were not affected by inclusion level. The DE and ME determined by the regression method for SO were greater compared with the corresponding respective values for PO (DE: 37.07, ME: 36.79 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.11, ME: 33.84 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). These values were close to the DE and ME values determined by the difference method at the 10% inclusion level (DE: 37.31, ME: 36.83 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.62, ME: 33.47 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). A similar response for the apparent total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in lipids was observed. The true total tract digestibility of AEE in SO was significantly (p<0.05) greater than that for PO (97.5% and 91.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the DE and ME contents of lipid was not affected by its inclusion level. The difference method can substitute the regression method to determine the DE and ME contents in lipids when the inclusion level is 10%.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.91-100
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• 2006

In this study, the characterization of unit load generation and discharge from various type stall of piggery was conducted by investigation and analysis of contaminants loading from piggery urine, manure and wastewater. The results are summarized as follows: The unit load generation of filth increases as piggery grow older, but there was not large enough difference among those values of unit load evaluated for various stall types if mean values of each type of stall are considered. The generation amounts of manure and urine were total 4.57kg/head/d of 1.49kg manure/head/d and 3.08kg urine/head/d with consideration of 3 seasons and live weight. The finalized mean unit load generation of filth were estimated at BOD 199.5g/head/d, $COD_{cr}\;413.5g/head/d$, T-N 27.8g/head/d, T-P 5.3g/head/d with consideration of seasons and the type of stalls. The wastewater unit loads discharged from cement type stall were estimated at BOD 31.3g/head/d, $COD_{cr}\;95.6g/head/d$, T-N 8.9g/head/d, T-P가 3.1g/head/d. The sum of manure unit load generation considered with manure collection ratio(80%, 90%) and wastewater unit load was almost similar when compared to the unit load discharged from slurry type stall even though more or less difference were appeared according to each contaminants and parameters.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 1994

The effects of inorganic selenium (Se), selenate and selenite on Se balance levels in the different ruminal fluid fractions were studied using Japanese Corriedale wethers with an average body weight of 47 kg. A $3{\times}3$ Latin square design was used with three animal, three periods and three treatments. In each period, there was 7 d dietary adjustment followed by 5 d total collection of urine and feces. Ruminal fluid samples were obtained at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 h postprandially on the final day of the collection period. The three dietary treatments were: (1) without Se supplementation (control); (2) with Se supplement as sodium selenate; and (3) sodium selenite at a rate of 0.2 mg Se/kg dietary DM. The basal diet was timothy hay (Phleum pratense L.) fed 2% of body weight/d. Results indicated that Se balance were higher (p < 0.05) for those animals under supplementation than those animals under control. Overall data gathered showed a similar digestion balance of selenate and selenite in sheep. Inorganic Se, both selenate and selenite produced positive Se contents of the ruminal feed particles and protozoa. Bacterial Se increased (p < 0.05) on the first three hours post-prandially in Se supplemented diets. Gross ruminal fluid fraction, although there was improvement on their Se content under the supplemented diets, the changes were insignificant over the control. free inorganic Se and Se in soluble protein of the ruminal fluid were not significantly different for selenate and selenite. Most of the Se in the ruminal fluids of the animals under supplementation were insoluble, indicating the influence of rumen environments on Se bioavaliability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 1994

This study was conducted to determine the effect of inorganic selenium (Se) sources on rumen bacterial yield, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and total tract digestion of timothy hay (Phlewm pratense L.) in Japanese Corriedale wethers. A $3{\times}3$ Latin square design was used with three wethers, three periods and three treatments. In each period, there was 7 d dietary adjustment followed by 5 d total collection of urine and feces. Ruminal fluid samples were obtained at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 h postprandially on the final day of the collection period. The three dietary treatments were: (1) without Se supplementation (control); (2) with Se supplementation as sodium selenate; and (3) sodium selenite at a rate 0.2 mg Se/kg dietary DM. The basal diet was timothy hay fed at 2% of body weight/d. Results indicated that there was slight decrease in rumen bacterial yield of animal supplement with inorganic Se, however, differences over the control were insignificant. It was found that Se content of ruminal fluid was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to rumen bacterial yield. The various VFA contents and acetate and propionate ratio of the different ruminal fluid samples were insignificant across treatment means and the same manner was observed to the different digestibilities (DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and NDS). This study concludes that Se supplementation at 0.2 mg Se/kg dietary DM either from sodium selenate or sodium selenite could not significantly influence rumen bacterial functions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.515-518
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• 2003

Six mature purebred Angus cows ($3.5{\pm}1.5$ years of age, $631.36{\pm}8.63kg$), three pregnant ($250{\pm}7$ days pregnant) and three non-pregnant and eight mature Suffolk ewes ($5{\pm}1.2$ years of age, $68.18{\pm}2.3kg$) four pregnant $115{\pm}5$ days pregnant) and four nonpregnant were utilized in a five-day metabolic trial to determine the effects of gestational status (pregnant vs. non-pregnant) on apparent absorption and retention of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Animals were selected based on body weight, age, and gestational status, and randomly assigned to metabolic crates for total fecal and urine collection. Animals were allowed to acclimate to their new environment for seven days. Pregnant and non-pregnant cows and ewes were then paired (within a species) by body weight and pair-fed throughout the 5 day collection period. Copper and Zn intakes were similar for pregnant and non-pregnant animals within a species. Apparent absorption of Cu (p<0.06) and Zn (p<0.04) were higher in pregnant cows relative to non-pregnant cows. Pregnant cows also had a higher apparent retention of Cu (p<0.05) and Zn (p<0.06) relative to non-pregnant cows. Pregnant ewes had a higher (p<0.01) apparent absorption and retention of Zn compared to non-pregnant ewes. However, apparent absorption and retention of Cu were similar for pregnant and non-pregnant ewes. These data indicate that certain physiological and/or metabolic parameters are altered in pregnant cows and ewes consuming an alfalfa-based diet that enhance the apparent absorption and retention of certain trace minerals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1014-1019
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation on digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of copra expellers (CE) and palm kernel expellers (PKE) fed to pigs. Six barrows with an initial body weight of 38.0 kg (standard deviation = 1.5) were randomly allotted to a $6{\times}6$ Latin square design with 6 dietary treatments and 6 periods. Six experimental diets were prepared in a $3{\times}2$ factorial treatment arrangement with 3 diets of a corn-soybean meal-based diet, a CE 30% diet, and a PKE 30% diet and with 2 concentrations of supplemental ${\beta}$-mannanase at 0 or 2,400 U/kg. All diets had the same proportion of corn:soybean meal ratio at 2.88:1. The marker-to-marker procedure was used for fecal and urine collection with 4-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. No interactive effects were observed between diet and ${\beta}$-mannanase on energy digestibility and DE and ME contents of experimental diets. However, diets containing CE or PKE had less (p<0.05) DE and ME contents compared with the corn-soybean meal-based diet. The DE and ME contents in CE and PKE were not affected by supplemental ${\beta}$-mannanase. Taken together, we failed to find the effect of ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation on energy utilization in CE and PKE fed to pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 1993

This study was carried out to estimate the relationship between dietary intake, blood level, and urinary excretion of minerals and blood pressure in 30 healthy adults living in rural area of Korea(12 males and 18 females). Analysis for the nutritional status of the subjects were performed by 3-day dietary intake record, duplicated diet collection, 24-hour urine collection, and venous blood sampling before measuring blood pressure. The mean blood pressure of subjects was 117.50/80.83mmHg in males and 110.00/73.89mmHg in females. The mean daily intakes of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn estimated for 3 days were 199.97mEq, 49.56mEq, 452.50mg, 725.57mg, 240.40mg, 12.48mg, 3.41mg, 8.28mg, respectively. The serum concentration of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn were 139.83mEq/dl, 4.06mEq/dl, 8.86mg/dl, 3.28mg/dl, 2.13mg/dl, 0.12mg/dl, 0.12mg/dl, 0.14mg/dl, respectively. The 24-hour urinary excretions of Na, K, Ca, p, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn estimated for 169.60mEq, 39.37mEq, 80.40mg, 398.97mg, 64.77mg, 0.21mg, 0.07mg, 0.29mg, respectively. No significant correlation was found between dietary intake, serum concentration, and urinary excretion of minerals and blood pressure. But, the serum Ca/Mg ratio showed negative correlation with the systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the level of significance of 5%. The study verifies the need for more systematic studies on interrelationship among minerals and mineral requirements in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 1993

This study was carried out to estimate the dally intake of lead and the relationship among dietary In take, serum level, and urinary excretion of calcium In 30 healthy adults living In rural area of Korea (12 males and 18 females). Analyses for the nutritional status of the subjects were performed by 3-day dietary intake record, duplicated diet collection, 24-hour urine collection, and venous blood sampling. The results were as follows The mean daily intake of energy was 2,176.3kcal and 1,613.9kcal in males and (tamales of 20∼49years, and 1,914.8kcal and 1,517.9kcal in males and females of 50∼59years, respectively The ratio of carbohydrate : fat : protein was 73.4:13.6:13.0 in males and 76.4:10.3:13.3 In females. The mean daily intake of lead was 277.2Pg in males and 192.0ug in females. The mean daily intake, serum level, and urinary excretion of calcium were 491.1mg, 8.9mg/dl, and 80.7mg in males and 426.7mg, 8.8mg /dl, and 80.3mg in females, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the daily lead intake and the dietary intake, serum level, and urinary excretion of calcium. It was concluded that the daily lead intake was lower than the acceptable daily lead intake of FAO/WHO but a little higher than that of other investigations. And the daily lead intake was not level that relate to calcium status seriously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.709-715
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• 1993

This study was carried out to estimate the relationship among dietary intakes, blood levels, and urinary excretions of Ca, P, Mg and serum lipid levels in 30 healthy adults living area of Korea(12males and 18 females). Analyses for the nutritional status of the subjects were performed by 3-day dietary intake record, duplicated diet collection, 24-hours urine collection, and venous blood sampling before anthropometry. The mean daily intakes of Ca, P and Mg estimated for 3 days were 452.5$\pm$159.5mg, 725.6$\pm$ 567.8mg and 240.4$\pm$78.5mg and the serum concentrations of Ca, P and Mg were 8.9$\pm$ 0.5mg / dl, 3.3$\pm$0.6mg / dl, and 2.1$\pm$0.8mg /dl, respectively. The 24-hour urinary excretions of Ca, P and Mg were 80.4$\pm$24.0mg, 399.0$\pm$161.1mg and 64.8$\pm$35.3mg, respectively. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol were 158.8$\pm$32.9mg/dl, 95.6$\pm$43.9mg/dl, 45.7$\pm$9.9mg/dl and 92.2$\pm$ 28.5mg/dl, respectively. In the relation between Ca, P, Mg and serum lipids it showed positive correlation with serum Ca and HDL-cholesterol at the level of significance of 5%. It can be concluded that the high level of Ca in serum may be useful in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, but the study verifies the need for more systematic studies.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.545-558
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• 2007

This study was performed to assess the sodium intakes of Korean adults using a 24-hr urine analysis and dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) according to each dish group and the regional area. The subjects of this study were comprised of 522 adults (male : 267, female : 285), aged 20-59yr residing in the metropolitan area (N=200), Chungcheng-Do (N=117), Jeolla-Do(N=117), and Gueongsang-Do provinces (N=118). The subjects were recruited from the residents who once participated or are participating in the various health programs offered by the public health center. The number of subjects who completed the 24-hr urine collection was 205 (male : 110, female : 95). The mean age and BMI of the subjects were $39.0{\pm}$11.7y and $23.1{\pm}2.9 kg/m^2$, respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was $119.5{\pm}15.4 mmHg$, and $77.1{\pm}11.1 mmHg$, respectively. Eighteen percent of the subjects responded that they are currently smoking, 36% drinking and 50.4% exercising. Twenty point six percent of the subjects were assessed as having hypertension according to their systolic or diastolic blood pressure($SBP{\ge}140mmHg$ or $DBP{\ge}90mmHg$) measurements in the present study. Salt intake of the subjects estimated with 24-hr sodium excretion was 12.7g/d (male : 13.4g/d, female : 12.1g/d) based on the sodium excretion rate as 82%. Salt intake estimated with DFQ was 14.7g/d (male : 16.2g/d, female : 13.4g/d), 2 g more than the salt intake estimated with 24-hr urine analysis. The four dish groups that contributed most to the sodium intake in order were kimchi (11571.4mg), soup and stew (1260.5mg), fish and shellfish(706.3mg) and noodle and ramyeon(644.3mg). Salt intake estimated with DFQ was the highest in the subjects of Gueongsang-Do(17.0g/d), second highest Chungcheong-Do (16.4g/d) and the lowest in the metropolitan area (13.0g/d). Subjects of Gueongsang-Do showed the highest sodium intakes in most of the dish group, whereas subjects of the metropolitan area showed the lowest. Residents of Chungcheong-Do revealed the highest sodium intake with kimchi and of Jeolla-Do the higher sodium intake with main dish (meat, fish and beans). The highest salt percentage of kimchi ($3.0{\pm}0.8%$) and soybean paste ($14.5{\pm}5.1%$) were observed in Gueongsang-Do, whereas individuals of the metropolitan area were observed as having kimchi ($1.6{\pm}0.5%$) and soybean paste ($7.4{\pm}1.6%$) with the lowest salt percenage. Men were observed as having more salty kimchi ($2.4{\pm}0.1%$) than women ($2.1{\pm}0.1%$).