• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한의용생체공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.145-149
• /
• 1997

This paper describes a methodology for the development of models of discrete event system. The methodology is based on transformation of continuous state space into discrete one to homomorphically represent dynamics of continuous processes in discrete events. This paper proposes a formal structure which can coupled discrete event system models within a framework. The structure employs the discrete event specification formalism for the discrete event system models. The proposed formal structure has been applied to develop a discrete event specification model for the complex spectral density analysis of strip for urin analyzer system. For this, spectral density data of strip is partitioned into a set of Phases based on events identified through urine spectrophotometry. For each phase, a continuous system of the continuous model for the urine spectral density analysis has been simulated by programmed C++. To validate this model, first develop the discrets event specification model, then simulate the model in the DEVSIM++ environment. It has the similar simulation results for the data obtained from the continuous system simulation. The comparison shows that the discrete event specification model represents dynamics of the urine spectral density at each phase.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제3권4호
• /
• pp.268-277
• /
• 2012

Objectives: 1) To determine mercury levels in urine samples from garbage workers in Southern Thailand, and 2) to describe the association between work characteristics, work positions, behavioral factors, and acute symptoms; and levels of mercury in urine samples. Methods: A case-control study was conducted by interviewing 60 workers in 5 hazardous-waste-management factories, and 60 matched non-exposed persons living in the same area of Southern Thailand. Urine samples were collected to determine mercury levels by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometer mercury analyzer. Results: The hazardous-waste workers' urinary mercury levels (10.07 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine) were significantly higher than the control group (1.33 ${\mu}g/g$ creatinine) (p < 0.001). Work position, duration of work, personal protective equipment (PPE), and personal hygiene, were significantly associated with urinary mercury level (p < 0.001). The workers developed acute symptoms - of head-aches, nausea, chest tightness, fatigue, and loss of consciousness at least once a week - and those who developed symptoms had significantly higher urinary mercury levels than those who did not, at p < 0.05. A multiple regression model was constructed. Significant predictors of urinary mercury levels included hours worked per day, days worked per week, duration of work (years), work position, use of PPE (mask, trousers, and gloves), and personal hygiene behavior (ate snacks or drank water at work, washed hands before lunch, and washed hands after work). Conclusion: Changing garbage workers' hygiene habits can reduce urinary mercury levels. Personal hygiene is important, and should be stressed in education programs. Employers should institute engineering controls to reduce urinary mercury levels among garbage workers.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제40권6호
• /
• pp.399-407
• /
• 2023

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs in more than 15% of the dogs over 10 years of age and causes irreversible renal function deterioration. Therefore, it is important to diagnose CKD early and treat the disease properly. The purpose of this study aimed to to evaluate the clinical utility of urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) using POC (point-of-care) device as an early detection urinary biomarker in CKD dogs and to confirm the correlation between ACR and other known CKD biomarkers. Urine and serum samples were obtained from 50 healthy dogs and 50 dogs with CKD. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations, and urine protein creatinine ratio (UPC) were measured. Urine specific gravity (USG) was evaluated using refractometer, and ACR was measured using an i-SENS A1Care analyzer. The ACR values of dogs with CKD were significantly different from those of healthy dogs (p < 0.001), as with other renal biomarkers. ACR showed significant differences between healthy dogs and dogs with CKD at every IRIS stage (p < 0.005), whereas no significant differences were observed between dogs with CKD IRIS stage I and healthy dogs with UPC. There are significant positive correlation between ACR and BUN (r = 0.611, p < 0.001), creatinine (r = 0.788, p < 0.001), SDMA (r = 0.747, p < 0.001), and UPC (r = 0.784, p < 0.001), and significant negative correlation between ACR and USG (r = -0.700, p < 0.001). In receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.982 (95% CI 0.963-1.000, p < 0.001), with an optimal cut-off value of 64.20 mg/g (94% sensitivity and 94% specificity). Thus, ACR is a useful urinary biomarker for the early diagnosis of proteinuria in CKD and combined use of ACR and other renal biomarkers may be helpful for early diagnosis and prevention of CKD in dogs.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.231-240
• /
• 2015

Objectives: Blood mercury levels among adults living in certain areas of the Gyeongsang Provinces have been shown to be very high (Kunwee County $29.6{\mu}g/L$, Yeongcheon-city $26.7{\mu}g/L$). The purpose of this project was to determine mercury exposure levels in schoolchildren and factors related with their mercury levels in high mercury exposure areas identifyed by the 2007 Korea National Environmental Health Survey. Methods: From June to September 2010, 1,097 students from grades 3 to 6 at 19 elementary schools participated in this study, including 294 students from 10 elementary schools in Kunwee County, 529 students from Yeongcheon City, 122 students from two elementary schools in Pohang City, North Gyeongsang Province, and 152 students from two elementary schools in Ulsan Metropolitan City. Biological samples from schoolchildren, including whole blood, urine and hair, were collected to measure total mercury at the time of a health check up. Information about children was collected by questionnaire. Total mercury concentrations in blood were measured using the Direct Mercury Analyzer 80 with the gold-amalgam collection method. Results: The mean mercury levels were $2.70{\mu}g/L$ in 1,091 blood samples, $2.25{\mu}g/g-creat.$ in 820 urine samples and $1.03{\mu}g/g$ in 1,064 hair samples. Blood mercury levels in the schoolchildren was slightly higher than the result of $2.4{\mu}g/L$ from a 2006 survey of elementary school children on exposure and health effects of mercury by the National Institute of Environmental Research. However, 0.3% and 4.5% of participants exceeded the reference level of blood mercury by CHBMII ($15{\mu}g/L$) and the US EPA ($5.8{\mu}g/L$), respectively. The reference level of urine by CHBMII ($20{\mu}g/L$) was exceeded by 0.4% of participants. As factors, residence period in the study areas, residence type, father's education level and income all showed significant associations with mercury level in the biological samples. The number of dental amalgam sides showed an association with urine mercury. Fish intake preference and fish intake frequency were important factors in mercury levels. In particular, intake of shark meat and recent intake of shark meat were associated with higher mercury levels. In this regard, participation in the performance of an ancestral rite showed a relation with higher mercury levels. Conclusion: The intake of shark meat was very important factor to high mercury exposure level. It is recommended to monitor and manage students with high mercury exposures who exceeded CHBM II and EPA guidelines, and include blood mercury testing in the Children's Health check up for this province.

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.404-407
• /
• 2005

A 4-week-old 0.5 kg male Shih Tzu with history of congenital abnormality, abnormality, was referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chungbuk National University for further evaluation and treatment. During physical examination, the dog revealed mild depression and dyschezia. In plain radiographs, a digital thermometer put in the anus and grasped blind end of the rectum. In contrast radiographs, a urethrorectal fistula was confirmed. Urine specimens were collected with cystocentesis. Bacteria of the urine were detected using an auto microorganism analyzer. According to history taking, physical examination, radiographic signs and urinalysis, it was diagnosed as type IV atresia ani with a urethrorectal fistula. The dog was treated by fistulectomy and anoplasty, and discharged with instruction. Three days after operation, mild dehiscence was appeared. Wound was left to heal by second intention. During the follow-up of eight weeks, wound showed it to be healed and defecation was normal.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.44-52
• /
• 1997

요석증은 비뇨기과에서 흔히 관찰되는 질환으로서 30∼50대에 많이 발생하고, 남자가 여자보다 발생빈도가 높고, 좌측보다는 우측이 많으며, 문화가 발달한 나라에서는 상부요로 결석이 많으나 후진국에서는 하부요로 결석이 많다. 결석성분은 수산칼슘, 인산칼슘, 인산마그네슘암모늄, 요산, 시스틴 결석과 그들의 혼합결석으로 분류된다. 병태 생리학에 따르면, 결석의 발생원인은 요중의 무기질 농도가 과포화 상태가 되면 결정체핵이 생성된다는 과포화/결정체설, 기질관여설, 억제물질의 결핍설, 에피택시설 등이 있고, 상피소체기능항진중, 과칼슘뇨증, 과요산뇨증, 과수산뇨증, 시스틴뇨증 외에도 원위세뇨관 산증, 과비타민 D증, 소화기계 질환이 통계적으로 유의성 있게 관여된다는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 미란성 위염 환자 K43에서 화학분석법, 적외선 흡수 분석법, image analysis법을 사용하여 재발성 상부요로 결석성분을 분석한 결과 제2 수산칼슘과 인산칼슘의 혼합결석으로 확인되었고, 혈액화학 검사와 요 검사 등 임상검사 성적은 정상치를 유지하고 있었다. 따라서 K43의 재발성 요로결석은 보고된 생성원인이나 인자들에 대한 통계수치와는 연관성이 없었으며 미란성 위염으로부터 영향을 받았다는 증거도 없었다.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제55권2호
• /
• pp.145-153
• /
• 2011

A simultaneous detection and quantification method for determining the Phenylalkylamine derivatives, such as methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AM), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), ketamine (KT), norketamine (NKT), phentermine (PT), fenfluramine (FFA) and phenmetrazine (PM), in oral fluid was developed and validated according to international guidelines. The validated method was applied to actual oral fluid samples collected from drug abuse suspects. The recovery of phenylalkylamines from oral fluid collection devices was also assessed. Oral fluid specimens from 20 drug abuse suspects submitted by the police were collected using Salivette$^{TM}$, Quantisal$^{TM}$ or direct expectoration. The samples were screened using a biochip array analyzer. For confirmation, the samples were analyzed by GC-MS in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode after extraction using automated SPE with a mixed-mode cation exchange cartridge and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). The results from the immunoassay were consistent with those from GC-MS. All the oral fluid samples gave positive results for MA, AM, PT and/or PM. The detection of phenylalkylamines in oral fluid can provide a better indication of recent use than urine or hair. Therefore, the oral fluid specimen was useful for demonstrating phenylalkylamines abuse in the driving under the influence of drug (DUID) as an alternative specimen for urine.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제47권1호
• /
• pp.74-80
• /
• 2023

Background: Although many studies have evaluated the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) components (Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rd, etc.), few have examined the in vivo pharmacokinetics of the radiolabeled components. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides and their metabolite compound K (CK), 20(s)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), and 20(s)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) using radioisotopes in rat oral administration. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally once with 10 mg/kg of the tritium(3H) radiolabeled samples, and then the blood was collected from the tail vein after 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 168 h. Radioactivity in the organs, feces, urine, and carcass was determined using a liquid scintillation counter (LSC) and a bio-imaging analyzer system (BAS). Results and conclusion: After oral administration, as the ³H-labeled ginsenosides were converted to metabolites, C_max and half-life increased, and T_max decreased. Interestingly, Rb1 and CK showed similar values, and after a single oral administration of components, the cumulative excretion ratio of urine and feces was 88.9%-92.4%. Although most KRG components were excreted within 96-168 h of administration, small amounts of components were detected in almost all tissues and mainly distributed to the liver except for the digestive tract when observed through autoradiography. This study demonstrated that KRG components were distributed to various organs in the rats. Further studies could be conducted to prove the bioavailability and transmission of KRG components to confirm the mechanism of KRG efficacy.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.83-88
• /
• 1998

키토산은 키틴의 탈아세틸화반응을 통해서 얻어진 유전적 독성이 없는 천연착화제로써 방사성동위원소 혹은 중금속 이온의 제거제 및 체내 흡수 억제제로 알려져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 분자량이 다른 C-14 chitosan을 정맥투여 한 후 C-14 chitosan 분자량별 마우스 체내 대사과정을 알아보고자 하였다 ICR계 웅성 마우스(8-10주령, 체중 30-35g)를 사용하였다. C-14 chitosan은 증류수로 희석한 다음, 꼬리정맥을 통해 정맥 투여하였다. C-14 chitosan 투여후 6시간, 1일, 3일, 5일, 7일째 마우스를 희생시켜 혈액, 간, 신장, 비장, 폐, 근육, 고환, 오줌을 채취하였으며, 각각의 ${\beta}$-방사능을 측정하여 상대농도를 구하였다. 대부분의 C-14 chitosan이 6시간째에 오줌을 통해 체외 배출되었고, 체내대사과정은 분자량이 서로 다름에도 불구하고 비슷하였다. 간, 신장, 비장등에서 높은 방사능을 나타내었다. 조직간의 상대농도는 6시간째에 증가하다가 서서히 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 정맥 투여한 키토산은 분자량에 상관없이 대부분 오줌을 통해 체외배출 되고, 체내 장기중의 대사과정은 비슷하게 나타났다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
• /
• 제56권2호
• /
• pp.135-146
• /
• 2024

요검사는 검사실에서 일상적으로 수행되는 기본적인 검사이다. 연구에서 새로운 프로토콜을 포함한 두 가지 수동 현미경검사 방법을 표준화된 chamber 방법과 비교하였다. 시험지검사와 자동 침사물 분석기에서 적혈구 양성 201개와 백혈구 양성인 201개 검체로 구성된 총 402개 검체를 분석 대상으로 선정했다. 적혈구 및 백혈구에 대한 표준화된 chamber 방법과 새로운 프로토콜 방법 간의 상관계수는 모두 r=0.98로, 높은 수준의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 이 두 방법 간의 동일 등급에 대한 쌍별 일치율은 적혈구의 경우 86.1%, 백혈구의 경우 88.6%였으며, 한 등급 차이 내 일치율은 모두 99.5%였다. 반면, 표준화된 chamber 방법과 중·소규모 검사실 방법 간의 일치율은 적혈구의 경우 11.9%, 백혈구의 경우 13.4%로, 동일 등급 일치율이 현저히 낮았고, 한 등급 차이 내 일치율은 각각 67.2%와 74.1%로 나타났다. 급내상관계수 및 Bland-Altman plot을 사용한 분석에서는 새로운 프로토콜이 다른 세 가지 수동 현미경검사 방법에 비해 우수한 일치도를 보인 것으로 확인되었다. 표준화된 chamber 방법과의 높은 상관관계와 일치도를 고려해 볼 때, 새로운 프로토콜 방법을 소변 침사물 표본제작의 표준화된 절차로 권장한다.