• Mycobiology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.426-429
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• 2017

A yeast-like organism was isolated from a urine sample of a 6-year-old neutered male miniature poodle dog with urinary tract infection, diabetes ketoacidosis, and acute pancreatitis. We identified the yeast-like organism to be Candida glabrata and found that this fungus was highly resistant to azole antifungal drugs. To understand the mechanism of azole resistance in this isolate, the sequences and expression levels of the genes involved in drug resistance were analyzed. The results of our analysis showed that increased drug efflux, mediated by overexpression of ATP transporter genes CDR1 and PDH1, is the main cause of azole resistance of the C. glabrata isolated here.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1641-1645
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• 2007

This study was designed to investigate about the efficiency of herb treatment at the patients with urinary tract infection. The Patient group was consisted of 33 CVA patients who were diagnosed as abnormal on urinalysis at the Oriental Medical hospital of Dong-eui University from July in 2006 to April in 2007. And we divided the patient group to 3 of small groups(Bojungikitang, Kumokpaljungsan, and the others herb). Then we treated the patients with each herbs and checked urinary nitrate, leukocyte, bacteria, WBC after 3 days, 7 days. The results are as follows: Each herbs improved the results of urinalysis inspection. The efficiency of each herbs about UTI begins to be indicated after 3days. Each herbs applied to UTI is more effective after 7 days than after 3 days. As the results, the herb treatments improve effectively the result of urinalysis inspection when precsribing to UTI patients more 7 days.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권9호
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• pp.840-844
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• 2010

Purpose: Microalbuminuria is defined as increased urinary albumin excretion (30-300 mg/day) or microalbumin/creatinine ratio (30-300 mg/g) in a spot urine sample. Although microalbuminuria is a predictor of clinical nephropathy and cardiomyopathy, few studies have investigated microalbuminuria in children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Therefore, we compared the spot urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio in pediatric UTI patients with that of control subjects. Methods: We investigated the correlation between the ratio in children with UTI and age, height, weight, blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hematuria, vesicoureteral reflux, renal parenchymal defect, and renal scar, and its predictability for UTI complications. Results: We studied 66 patients (42 boys, 24 girls) and 52 healthy children (24 boys, 28 girls). The mean microalbumin/creatinine ratio in UTI patients was statistically significantly increased compared to the control group ($340.04{\pm}321.36mg/g$ vs. $225.68{\pm}154.61mg/g$, $P$=0.0141). The mean value of spot urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio ($384.70{\pm}342.22mg/g$ vs. $264.92{\pm}158.13mg/g$, $P$=0.0341) in 1-23 months age patient group showed statistically significant increase compared to control group. Microalbumin/creatinine ratio showed negative correlation to age (r=-0.29, $P$=0.0167), body surface area (BSA) (r=-0.29, $P$=0.0173) and GFR (r=-0.26, $P$=0.0343). The presence of hematuria ($P$=0.0169) was found to be correlated. Conclusion: The spot urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio in children with UTI was significantly greater than that in normal children, and it was positively correlated with GFR. This ratio is a potential prescreening and prognostic marker in UTI patients. Further studies are required to validate the predictability of microalbuminuria in pediatric UTI patients.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권3호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2016

Purpose: Acute pyelonephritis (APN) is a serious bacterial infection that can cause renal scarring in children. Early identification of APN is critical to improve treatment outcomes. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a prognostic marker of many diseases, but it has not yet been established in urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of this study was to determine whether NLR is a useful marker to predict APN or vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 298 pediatric patients ($age{\leq}36months$) with febrile UTI from January 2010 to December 2014. Conventional infection markers (white blood cell [WBC] count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], C-reactive protein [CRP]), and NLR were measured. Results: WBC, CRP, ESR, and NLR were higher in APN than in lower UTI (P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that NLR was a predictive factor for positive dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) defects (P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was high for NLR (P<0.001) as well as CRP (P<0.001) for prediction of DMSA defects. NLR showed the highest area under the ROC curve for diagnosis of VUR (P<0.001). Conclusion: NLR can be used as a diagnostic marker of APN with DMSA defect, showing better results than those of conventional markers for VUR prediction.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.94-100
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• 2017

Purpose: The American Academy of Pediatrics provides guidelines for managing febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants and children 2-24 months old, but little guidance is offered regarding UTIs in those younger than 8 weeks of age. The definition of UTI is unclear and whether to proceed with micturating cystourethrography (MCUG) or $^{99m}$technetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy scan in this age group is controversial. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 29 neonates and infants younger than 2 months of age who underwent late DMSA scans 9 months following the first episode of febrile or symptomatic UTI between July 2009 and June 2016. Results: In total, 192 children aged 0-24 months underwent ultrasound and DMSA scans (MCUG in 174/192). Neonates and infants younger than 2 months of age were significantly less likely to develop fever, and had a lower fever peak, shorter duration of fever before admission and after starting antibiotics, longer hospitalization period, lower C-reactive protein, and greater incidence of nonEscherichia coli infection. There was no difference in pyuria response at diagnosis. The prevalence rates of an ultrasound abnormality (28%), vesicoureteral reflux (28%), UTI recurrence (38%), and renal scarring (10%) in infants younger than 8 weeks of age were similar to those in children 2-24 months old. Conclusion: Neonates and infants younger than 2 months of age with UTI warrant special consideration because the fever response used for diagnosis in older children may be absent or blunted. Clinical guideline is needed for the diagnosis and management of UTI in this age group.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.181-184
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• 2012

Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is a commonly performed diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux with urinary tract infection or congenital renal diseases in children. The procedure is relatively simple and cost-effective, and complications are very rare. The iatrogenic complication of VCUG range from discomfort, urinary tract infection to bacteremia, as well as bladder rupture. Bladder rupture is a rare complication of VCUG, and only a few cases were reported. Bladder rupture among healthy children during VCUG is an especially uncommon event. Bladder rupture associated with VCUG is usually more common in chronically unused bladders like chronic renal failure. Presented is a case of bladder rupture that occurred during a VCUG in a healthy 9-month-old infant, due to instilled action of dye by high pressure. This injury completely healed after 7 days of operation, and it was confirmed with a postoperative cystography. The patient's bladder volume, underlying disease, velocity of the contrast media instilled, catheter size, and styles of instillation are important factors to prevent bladder rupture during VCUG. Management of bladder rupture should be individualized, but the majority of infants are treated with the operation. In conclusion, bladder rupture is a rare complication, however, delicate attention is needed in order to prevent more dire situations.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.683-686
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• 2000

Vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) is a state that urine regurge from bladder to ureter and kidney because of congenital, structural, functional abnormality of ureterovesical junction and lower urinary tract than bladder. It may be the primary cause of recurrent urinary tract infection(UTI) in chindhood, If urine regurge with UTI, it can cause renal damage, leading to scar formation, hypertension, chronic renal failure, But upper complications can be prevented by early diagnosis and proper treatment of VUR and UTI, so clinician must focus on them in treatment of VUR. We had experienced a case of recurrent UTI with VUR regardless of consistent antibiotics therapy in 7 years old boy, Chief complain was urinary frequency, The symptom of urinary frequency was successfully treated by herb medicine(Gamijihwag-tang), So, we report this case with a brief review of related literatures.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2001

목 적 : 요로 감염 증상을 나타내는 생후 3개월 이하의 남아에서 요로계 기형의 유무를 측정하고 첫 요로 감염후의 적절한 방사선학적 검사를 제시한다. 대상 및 방법 : 1994년 3월부터 1999년 2월까지 5년간의 기간동안 65명의 요로감염이 있는 3개월 이하의 남아 환아(나이 범위: 4일-92일, 평균 나이 43일)에서 조사를 시행하였다. 모든 환아에게 신장 초음파와 배뇨성 방광 요도 조영술을 시행하였고 이중 5명에게서 보호자의 거부와 기술적인 문제 때문에 시행하지 못하였다. 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan(이하 99mTc-DMSA 신장 스캔)은 모든 환아에게 추천하였으나 65명중 40명에게 시행이 되었다. 99mTc DMSA 신장 스캔은 요로 감염 후 적어도 3개월 이후에 시행되었다. 결 과 : 요로계 기형은 60명의 환아중 26명(43$\%$)에서 발견되었다. 이중 22명이 방광 요관 역류, 2명이 방광 요관 역류와 중복 요관, 2명에서 방광 요관 역류와 후부 요도 판막이 있었고 방광 요관 역류를 보이는 환아중 8명(13$\%$)에서 신장의 위축 및 반흔을 관찰할 수 있었다. 99mTc-DMSA신장 스캔상 신 위축과 반흔을 보이는 경우에서 방광 요관 역류는 grade III 혹은 그 이상이었다. 결 론 : 저자들은 3개월 이하의 남아에서 첫 요로 감염 후에 보편적으로 신장 초음파와 배뇨성 방광 요도 조영술을 시행해야 한다고 생각한다. 99mTc-DMSA신장 스캔은 신장 초음파상 신 실질 손상 혹은 배뇨성 방광 요도 조영술상 방광 요관 역류 grade III 혹은 그 이상 시에 시행해야 한다고 생각하며 추후 이에 대한 연구가 더 필요하다고 생각한다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2009

A case of recurrent urinary tract infection by cysteine-requiring Escherichia coli in a 5-years-old child with congenital vesicoureteral reflux is described. This bacterium was not grown on MacConkey agar plate for overnight culture, and after 48hrs, tiny colonies were observed. These colonies were not identified by VITEK2 and Walkaway 96i without cysteine supplementation. The isolate was susceptible for cefotetan, ciprofloxacin and imipenem, and resistant for piperacillin/tazobactam, cephalothin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1997

목적 : 방광 요관 역류는 소아에서 반복적인 요로감염을 일으키며 역류성 신병증으로 진행하는 질환으로 복부 초음파, DMSA scanning, 배뇨성 요도 방광 조영술등으로 확진할 수 있으나 이런 방사선학적 검사는 관혈적 방법으로 환아에게 동통 및 불쾌감과 합병증이 발생할 수 있고 검사 시행에 시간이 필요한 단점이 있다. 이에 저자들은 내원 당시 환아의 임상 증상과 혈액 및 뇨의 생화학 검사 소견을 이용하여 방광요관 역류의 가능성을 조기에 예측할 수 있는지 알아 보고자 본연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 1993년 7월부터 1994년 6월까지 요로감염증으로 고대병원 소아과에 내원한 환아중 방광요관 역류가 있는 24명(A군)과 대조군으로 방광요관 역류를 동반하지 않은 요로감염증 환아 16명(B군)을 대상으로 내원당시의 발열, 혈뇨 및 단백뇨의 유무, C-반응 단백, 혈중 요소질소, 크레아티닌, $^{99m}Tc-DTPA$로 측정한 사구체 여과율, 요중${\beta}_2$-microglobulin, 24시간 뇨중 알부민 양등을 측정 비교하였다. 결과 : 1) 방광 요관역류는 편측성이 14례, 양측성이 10례였으며 International Reflux Study Committee 분류법상, 역류를 보인 34신장중에 Grade I이 3신, Grade II 9신, Grade III 11신, Grade IV 11신의 분 를 보였고 Smellie등에 의한 분류상, 신반흔이 있던 14례중 type A 5례, type B 5례, type C 4례였고 type D는 없었다. 2) A군과 B군간의 평균 사구체 여과율, 혈중 요소질소, 크레아티닌, 24시간 뇨중 알부민의 양과 혈뇨, 단백뇨의 유무 비교는 통계적 의의가 없었다. 3) 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin의 평균값은 A군이 $283.6{\pm}195.8{\mu}g/l$, B군이 $78.7{\pm}48.5{\mu}g/l$로 방광요관 역류가 있는 경우가 의미있게 높았다 (p<0.01). 4) 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin이 $120{\mu}g/l$이상이면서 내원당시 C-반응 단백이 양성인 경우 민감도 93.3%, 특이도 77.8%(p<0.01)로, 또 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin이 $120{\mu}g/l$ 이상이면서 발열이 있었던 경우 민감도 92.2%, 특이도 62.5%(p<0.01)로 방광요관 역류가 동반되었다. 결 론 : 요로감염증으로 내원한 환아가 내원당시 발열이 있거나 C-반응 단백이 양성이면서 요중 ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin이 $120{\mu}g/l$ 이상인 경우 방광요관 역류가 존재함을 예측할 수 있어 임상적으로 유용한 지표가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.