• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.480-488
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of various types of calcium sources on calcium and bone metabolism. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing approximately 89.3g were divided into 4 groups and fed experimental diets containing 0.5% calcium for 5 weeks. Four different calcium salts were used for the study : calcium phosphate, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate, and calcium carbonate. Food intake showed no significant difference n accordance with the type of calcium salt, but bo요 weight gain and food efficiency were lower in calcium gluconate and calcium carbonate groups. There was significant differences in liver, thymus and epididymal fat pad weight with the of calcium salt ; the calcium gluconate group showed lower values compared to the other groups. Femur and scapular length were higher in calcium lactate and calcium carbonate groups. Wet weight, dry weight, and density of the femur tended to be lower in the calcium gluconate group than the other groups, but this difference was not statistically significant. The calcium content of the other groups. The calcium gluconate group showed higher urinary calcium and lower calcium absorption and balance. In conclusion, calcium and bone metabolism were different according to the type of calcium sources consumed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.266-276
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• 1997

To investigate the effects of dietary protein and calcium levels on calcium and bone metabolism Sprague-Dawley male growing rats weighting approximately 91.4g were divided into four groups and fed one of the following four experimental diets-15% protein 0.2% calcium ; 15% protein 0.5% calcium ; 30% protein 0.2% calcium ; 30% protein 0.5% calcium-for five weeks. Calcium intake and excretion, apparent calcium absorption were measured and bone densities and mineral contents of femur and scapula were analyzed. Calcium excretion through feces and urine was significantly greater in animals receiving diets of higher calcium. Fecal calcium but not urinary calcium excretion was greater when the protein level was increased from 15% to 30%. Apparent calcium absorption rate was significantly higher with lower calcium intakes. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly higher in 0.2% calcium group than in 0.5% calcium group, while urinary hydroxyproline excretion was essentially same among all experimental groups. Weights and mineral contents or protein. Bone weights were greater, but calcium and ash contents of femur and scapula were lower in animals on the diet containing low calcium and high protein, which suggests that bone metabolism may be affected by the interaction between calcium and protein intake. These results indicate that during growth high protein intake might be beneficial to bone health if the diet is sufficient in calcium, however, if the diet fails to provide an optimum amount of calcium, such practice might be detrimental.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.911-919
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of caffeine levels on calcium utilization in rats of different age and sex. Calcium utilization was compared in rats of different age(4 weeks and 10 months) and sex that were fed various levels of caffeine (0, 3.5, and 7mg/100g body weight) for 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in feed intake, serum calcium level, and ash content in tibia among the groups. Fecal calcium excretion was lower in young rats than in adults, Urinary calcium excretion significantly higher in the caffeine groups than that in the no-caffeine group. Daily retention and apparent absorbability of calcium in young rats were higher than those in adult rats. However, there was no significant difference among groups of different sex and caffeine levels. The results of this study suggest that caffeine consumption promotes urinary calcium excretion.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1160-1169
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of caffeine and calcium levels on calcium utilization in female rats of different ages. Calcium utilization was compared in female rats of different age( 4 weeks and 12 months) fed various levels of caffeine(0 and 7 mg/100g body weight) and calcium (50, 100 and 200% of requirement) for 3 weeks. Feed intake of the caffeine groups were lower than that of the no-caffeine groups. body weight gain was lowest in the high-caffeine and low-calcium group. Serum calcium levels of young rats were higher than those of adult rats. There were no significant differences in tibial calcium content among the caffeine and calcium -groups. Fecal calcium excretion increased as the level of dietary calcium was increased. Urinary calcium excretion increased as the levels of caffeine and dietary calcium were increased. With increasing levels of dietary calcium , daily calcium retention was accelerated, but apparent calcium absorbability was diminished. The results of this study suggest that caffeine consumption promotes urinary calcium excretion. However, increase in dietary calcium resulted in higher calcium retention . These findings indicate that high caffeine consumption may increase dietary calcium requirements. Therefore, it could be suggested that the supplementation of dietary calcium may counteract the negative effect of caffeine intake on calcium utilization.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 1996

This study was conducted to compare the dietary factors which influence on the bone status of 28 women in urban and 30 women in rural area. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline(Hpr) and Calcium(Ca) were measured as biological markers of bone resorption. Mean daily intake levels of total protein, animal protein, total calcium, calcium, calcium from milk and milk products, animal calcium, Ca / P ratio by 24 hr recall method were significantly higher in urban women. However, mean daily sodium(Na) intake levels were not significantly different between two groups. Ca Index score and Na Index score by food frequency methods were also significantly higher in urban than in rural subjects. While urinary Ca excretion elves of two groups were similar, Na excretion levels were significantly higher in rural women. Mean urniary levels of Ca / creatinine(cr) and Hpr / cr as bone status index were within normal range and not significantly different between two groups. However, prevalence of poor bone status as assessed by hydroxyproline was higher in rural women. Na Index, urinary Ca excretion and Ca / cr ratio were significantly correlated with bone status(Hpr / cr) in urban women, while only age was related to bone status in rural women. These demonstrated that high Na intake results in increased urinary excretion of Na and Ca and could cause bone resorption. Multiple regression analysis indicated that Na Index score and age have greater effect than other variables in urban women and only age has greater effect in rural women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of three different concentrations of soy-isoflavones on calcium and phosphorus balance in either sham-operated or ovariectomized female rats. Seventy-two 16-week old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham operation or bilateral ovariectomy. They were provided diets containing different levels of soy iso-flavones for 6 weeks: 50 ppm (Jow isoflavone intake; LI) , 250 ppm (medium isoflavone intake; MI) and 500 ppm (high isoflavone intake; HI). The subsequent fecal and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus were then measured. In the sham-operated rats, body weight gains and food efficiency ratio of the MI and HI groups were significantly lower than the control group while food intake was not different. However, there was no significant difference in the ovariectomized rats. The fecal excretion of calcium was significantly lower in the LI, MI and HI groups than the control group in sham operated rats, and significantly lower in the HI group than the control group in ovariectomized rats. Also, apparent ab-sorption rate of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference among groups. Urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus was significantly lower in the HI group than the LI group in the sham-operated rats. Urinary excretion of calcium was significantly higher in the control ovariectomized rats than in the control sham-operated rats. Retention of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference in both groups. From the above result, we see that isoflavone intake increases calcium retention through an increase in calcium absorption and also suppresses the increase of calcium excretion in urine in ovariectomy. Therefore, it is suggested that isoflavone intake is recommended for menopausal women who experience sharp bone loss due to the decrease in estrogen honnone.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

Thirteen healthy control, 13 pre-eclamptic, 7 diabetic(DM) and 12 gestational diabetic(GDM) pregnant women participated in a study ofthe interrelationships between the levels of protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and copper in urine. Urinary protein, magnesium and copper levels were significantly higher (p<0.0005, p<0.0003, p<0.005 respectively) in pre-eclamptic women than those of control, DM and GDM women. Urinary zinc excretion in pre-eclamptic women (1.61 mg/g creatinine) was higher than that of DM women (0.81mg/g creatinine); urinary zinc losses of control and GDM women were wre between the other two rups. The GDM women excreted significantly ore phosphorus in their urine in comparison to control and preeclamptic women (p<0.02), but this was not seen in DM women. Among the DM women, urinary protein excretion was positively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin(r=0.940) and fasting blood glucose concentration (r=0.889). Urinary zinc excretion also was correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (r=0.853) and fasting blood glucose (r=0.956). In the GDM and pre-eclamptic women there were also significant correlations between urinar calcium and magnesium (r=0.857, r=0.749 respectively) and between urinary protein and copper(r=0.638, r=0.778 respectively).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2005

We surveyed the incidence of urinary calculi for feeding period, urinary lesion, composition of calculi and changes of serum chemistry with Korean native castrated steers, which are growing until 26 through 31 months. Without showing any clinical signs such as urethral obstruction, hydronephrosis and strangury for all group, $37.8\%$ (34 out of 90) of Korean native steers carried urinary calculi in carcass. The incidence of urine calculi far different feeding stages from 26 to 31 months were observed as $13.3-60.0\%$er, no significant differences were detected. The distribution of calculi were kidney $(24.4\%)$, kidney and bladder $(10\%)$ and kidney, bladder and urine $(3.3\%)$. Congestion of urinary bladder was shown in $26.6\%$ of Korean native steers. Korean native steers with urinary calculi $(41.2\%)$ had more possibilities (P<0.05) to bring outbreaks of congestion of urinary bladder than those of without calculi $(17.8\%)$. The main composition of calculi were struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals), calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, non-oxalate calcium, ammonia and phosphate. The distribution of urine pH was $71.7\%$(above pH 8.0), $12.2\%$ (between pH 7.0 and pH 8.0) and $16.6\%$ (under pH 7.0). Like shown in herbivores, most of the urine pH was distributed as alkaline urine. Serum creatinine was shown significant difference (P<0.05) according to incidence of calculi but other serum chemistry didn't show any difference in serum chemistry. These results suggest that feeding until 26 to 31 months in Korean native steers castrated at 6 months of the age elicits urinary calculi and congestion of urinary bladder, but not clinical abnormality. And adjustment of the dietary Can ratio to a level of 2:1 or greater during feeding period may reduce the possibility of incidence of urinary calculi in Korean native steers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.411-417
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• 1990

To compare the dietary and urinary minerals with serum lipid and minerals this study was carried out on 30 rural housewives in Kyunggi area. Mean intake of energy was 1770.3Kcal and protein 55.5g per day. Mineral intakes per day were measured; sodium 4330mg phos-phorus 485.7mg calcium 388.0mg zinc 8.99mg and copper 2.23mg Urinary minerals were analy-sed ; sodium 4379mg phosphorum 371.3mg calcium 190.0mg zinc 328.0mg and copper 49.6mg. Serum contents of lipid and minerals were : cholesterol 169.0mg% triglyceride 70.6mg% $\beta$-lipoprotein 304.9mg% sodium 142.3mM phosphorus 3.94mg% calcium 9.06mg% zinc 1215.7 ppb and cooper 620.0ppb. Eietary sodium and zinc urinary copper were significantly related with serum lipids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 1992

A study was conducted to compare urinary Ca excretion and factors influencing urinary Ca excretion in 30 young and 62 middle-aged Korean women. Mean daily intake levels of total protein and P were significantly higher in middle-aged women but Ca and animal protein intake levels of the two groups were similar. The average percentage of daily Ca intake from milk and milk products in young women was 45% while in middle-aged women it was about 24% The frequency of milk consumption was inversely correlated with blood pressures of the subjects. Mean 24-hour urinary calcium excretion in young and middle-aged women were 163.7mg and 174.9mg respectively. The difference was not significant. Menopause of the mid-dle-aged women did not affect urinary calcium levels. However the proportion of subjects with more than 250mg of Ca in 24-hour urine tended to be higher in middle-aged group Factors significnatly correlated with urinary Ca excretion of subjects were systolic and diastolic The study verifies the need for more systematic studies on Ca requirements and the interrelation-ship among Ca and na metabolism blood pressures and bone loss in the middle-aged Korean.