• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate relationship between plasma $\delta$ - aminolevulinic acid (ALAP) and lead exposure indices in exposure to lead. The subjects were 218 male workers in 2 storage battery companies and 2 secondary smelting companies. Blood lead(PbB), blood zinc-protoporphyrin( ZPP), urinary $\delta$ - aminolevulinic acid (ALAU), hemoglobin(Hb), and hematocrit(Hct) were measured as lead exposure indices. The results were as follows, 1. The means of blood lead and blood ZPP concentration of subjects were $27.2{\pm}14.0{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ and $55.1{\pm}47.6{\mu}g/d{\ell}$, respectively. The means of plasma $\delta$ - ALA and urinary $\delta$ - ALA concentration were $18.9{\pm}25.1{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ and $2.1{\pm}4.6mg/{\ell}$, respectively. 2. The concentration of ALAP was $11.2{\mu}g/{\ell}$ for below $20{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ PbB, $12.8{\mu}g/{\ell}$ for from $21-40{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ PbB, and $51.2{\mu}g/{\ell}$ for over $40{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ PbB, respectively. 3. ALAP was significantly correlated with ALAU(r=0.829, p<0.01), ZPP(r=0.724, p<0.01) and PbB(r=0.552, p<0.01).

• 한국임상수의학회지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.78-87
• /
• 1997

The study of present study was to determine the valuable laboratory tests for the differential diagnosis of lead poisoning in dogs. Sixteen mongrel dogs were divided into 2 experimental groups (A and B) and a control group (C). The A and B groups were administered orally 2 mg and 20 mg of lead per kilogram of body weight for 49 days, respectively. In addition to clinical observation, blood, urine and hair samples were collected on appointed day and examined for hematological changes, lead content of serum, whole blood and hair, and urinary $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid concentrations. All dogs were necropside on 49th day and examined for the lead content and histological changes of organs. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The group B showed digestive and nervous signs, and weight loss. The group A showed no significant hematological changes except polychromatophilla on the 7th day. But group B showed polychromatophilia as well as mild anemia and nucleated erythrocyte on the 7th and 35th day. Basophlic stippling erythrocytes were observed in some of the group B on the 14th day. The lead content of whole blood was increased significantly in both A and B groups on the 21the day. The urinary $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid content was increased in both A and B groups on the 7th day. The hair lead content of A and B groups was increased significantly on the 49th and 21th day, respectively. The lead contents of organs including liver, kidney, spleen, muscle and bone were increased significantly in group B. Histopathologic changes were characterized by hemorrhages, necrosis and intranuclear inclusion body in the epithelial cells of convoluted tubles of kidney, cloudy swelling and degeneration and/or necrosis of liver, enlargement of Virchow-Robin space, and swelling of endothelial cells and hyperplasia of the pericytes of brain. From these results it may be concluded that examination of nucleated erythrocyte/polychromatophilia, urinary $\delta$ -aminolevulinic acid, and whole blood and hair lead contents is a reliable clinico-pathological diagnostic methods, and that examination of the Virchow-Robin space, endothelial cells and pericytes of brain as well as intranuclear inclusion body in the epithelial cells of convoluted tubles of kidney is valualble postmortem diagnostic methods for lead poisoning in dogs.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 1992

Present experiments were undertaken in order to clarify the clinico-pathological characteristics of lead poisoning in goats. Twenty goats were divided into three experimental groups(A, B and C) and a control(D). The three experimental groups received diets contaminated artificially with 10(A group), 200(B group) and 1,000(C group) ${\mu}g/$ of lead, for 70 days respectively. The control group received normal diets. Blood samples were collected 1 or 2 weeks interval and were examined for anemia(erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values) and lead contents of erythrocyte and serum. Urine samples collected similarly with blood were examined for delta-aminolevulinic acid and lead content. Collected samples were analyzed for lead content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. From these experiments following results were obtained : In group B and C, marked decreases in body weight and feed intake, and diarrhea were observed from the $30^{th}$ day of experimental periods. The B and C groups showed pronounced anemia(decrease in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value) from the $21^{st}$ or $42^{nd}$ day. In group B and C, the lead content of erythrocytes was increased significantly from the $28^{th}$ or $14^{th}$ day. The lead content of serum was increased significantly from the $42^{nd}$ or $14^{th}$ day in B and C groups. The lead content of urine was increased significantly from the first day in both B and C groups. The urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid content was increased significantly from $14^{th}$ day in both B and C groups.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 1994

연폭로자에 있어서 연에 의한 생물학적 영향을 평가하는데는 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량이 아주 좋은 지표로 이용된다. 현재 이것은 Ehrlich's reagent와 ALA-pyrrole의 증색반응으로 측정하는 비색법이 주로 사용된다. 그러나 이 방법은 aminoacetone 같은 ALA 유사물질에 의하여 요중 배설량이 과다하게 측정된다. 한편 최근 개발된 fluorometric HPLC에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량의 분석은 아주 예민하고도 특이적인 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 혈중연과 다른 연폭로 지표를 측정하여 연폭로 수준이 다른 117명의 피검자에서 비색법과 HPLC 법에 의한 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량을 측정하여 두 방법 간의 관련성을 조사하기 위하여 시도하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 비색법에 의한 요중의 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량은 HPLC 법에 비하여 전체적으로 2.15배, 혈중연 $20{\mu}g/dl$ 이하에서 2.47배, $21-40{\mu}g/dl$에서 2.53배, $41{\mu}g/dl$ 이상에서는 1.86배 높은 것으로 측정되었다. 2. 비색법에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량과 혈중연 및 혈중 ZPP 농도와의 상관은 0.571, 0.629였으며, HPLC 법은 0.610, 0.637로 통계적 유의성이 있었다(p<0.01). 3. 비색법과 HPLC 법에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량 간의 상관은 0.848 이었으며, 요비중으로 보정하였을 때는 0.852였으며 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.01). 4. HPLC 법에 의한 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량을 종속변수로 하고 비색버버을 독립변수로 하였을 때 희기방정식은 (ALA-UHP)=-0.245+0.536 (ALA-UCO)(p<0.0001)였으며, 요비중 1.024로 보정하였을 때의 희기방정식은 (SP ALA-UHP)=-0.525+0.599 (SP ALA-UCO)(p<0.0001)였다. 상기와 같은 결과에서 현행 산업안전보건법 시행규칙에서 연중독 진단을 행하는 경우 HPLC로 요중 ${\delta}$-ALA 배설량을 측정한다면 연중독 진단 기준의 개정이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.526-533
• /
• 1991

식이 셀렌이 납섭취에 따른 흰주의 혈액 및 간장중의 $\delta$-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase(ALAD)활성 저해에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 체중이 141$\pm$5g이 되는 Sprague-Dawley 종 숫쥐를 식이내 납함량을 0(대조군), 200, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000ppm으로 달리하고, 다시 0.5ppm의 셀렌을 첨가한군과 비첨가군등 9군으로 나누어 4주간 사육한 후 체중증가, 식이효율, 혈중hemoglobin, hematocrit치, 혈액 및 간장중의 ALAD 효소활성, 그리고 뇨증 aminolevulinic acid(ALA)의 배설량을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 식이섭취량은 대조군과 납식이군과 별 차이가 없었고, 식이효율 및 체중증가량은 2,000, 5,000 ppm 납식이군이 유의적으로 낮았으나, 셀렌을 첨가했을 때는 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 2. 장기의 무게는 200, 1,000ppm 납식이군에서 신장의 무게가 대조군에 비해 비대했으나, 셀렌을 첨가했을때는 타실험군과 차이가 없었다. 3. Hemoglobin 함량과 hematocrit치는 납함량이 높을수록 대조군에 비해 감소하였으나, 납함량이 1,000, 2,000ppm군에서는 셀렌을 첨가했을때 비첨가군에 비해 증가되었다. 4. 혈액중 ALAD효소 활성은 납함량이 증가될수록 대조군에 비해 ALAD활성이 현저히 감소되었고 200, 1,000, 2,000ppm 군에서는 셀렌을 첨가했을때 비첨가군에 비해 그 활성이 증가되었다. 간장중의 ALAD효소 활성도 혈액에서와 같은 경향으로 납함량이 즐가될수록 감소되었으나, 혈액에서 보다는 ALAD 활성 감소가 적었으며 셀렌을 첨가한 경우 모든 식이군에서 비첨가군에 비래 ALAD 활성이 증가되었다. 5. 뇨중의 ALA 배설량은 ALAD활성과는 반대로 식이내 납함량이 높을수록 그 배설량이 증가되었고, 셀렌 첨가군에서는 그 배설량이 감소되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.488-493
• /
• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the effects of Korean Pueraria radix extract in Pb administered rats. Pb exposed rats were given 1% Pb in the diet. $\delta$-Adminolevulinic acid(DALA) and urinary glucose levels were increased with Pb administration and were lower in the Pb group than in the group administered Pb alone. Hematocrit value was decreased with Pb administration and was higher in the Pb group than in the C-Pb grou. $\delta$-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (DALAD) activity was decreased in the Pb group. ALT and AST were increased by Pb added and were lower in the Pb group than in the C-Pb group. Serum Pb content was higher in the Pb exposed rats than in the control groups, and no significant difference was found due to extract of Pueraria radix supplementation. Levels of liver, kidney and femur lead were reduced by Pueraria radix. Lead contents in feces and urine were higher in the Pb added groups than in the control group, and level of feces lead was increased by extract of Pueraria radix.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 2013

Objectives: This study attempted to develop a method to measure ultra-trace lead concentrations in plasma using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) and to test whether plasma lead can be used as a biomarker for the biological monitoring of exposure to lead. Methods: Lead concentrations in 160 plasma samples of field workers and 42 plasma samples from the control group were measured by ICP-MS. Blood zinc protophorphyrin(ZPP) concentrations and urinary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid${\delta}-ALA$) were measured for correlation analysis with plasma lead. Results: The mean lead level in the plasma of the workers exposed to lead at work were 786.1 ng/L. Plasma lead levels were not correlated with blood ZPP or urinary ${\delta}-ALA$ concentrations. Otherwise, plasma lead levels showed a good correlation coefficient of 0.400 with blood lead levels, and their correlation coefficient had a better value of 0.552 for the non-smoking and drinking group. In the general population group which was not exposed to lead in the workplace and was considered the control group, the mean concentration of plasma lead was 123.1 ng/L. The plasma lead levels for the general population group showed a good correlation coefficient of 0.520 with blood ZPP and urinary ${\delta}-ALA$ concentrations.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.337-345
• /
• 1991

식이 단백질과 칼슘의 수준이 납중독된 흰쥐의 혈액학적 성상 및 신기능에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위해, 흰쥐에게 납 2,000ppm을 함유한 식수를 제한 없이 주면서, 식이 단백질과 칼슘 수준을 각각 3수준, 사육기간을 3주와 7주로 한, 3$\times$3$\times$2 요인 실험으로 설계하고 대조군을 별도로 설정하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 납 급여군의 체중 증가량, 식이 섭취량 및 식이 효율은 대조군에 비해 감소하였고, 단백급여 수준이 정상보다 높으면서 칼슘 급여 수준이 높을 때 높게 나타났다. 간장, 신장, 비장 및 뇌의 체중 100g당 무게는 대조군에 비해 증가하였으며, 식이 칼슘 수준이 낮을 수록 증가했다. 헤마토크릿치, 헤모글로빈 함량 및 적혈구 수는 납 급여군에서 감소를 보였고, 식이 단백질과 칼슘 수준이 낮을 수록 감소하는 경향이었다. 뇨중 $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid 배설량은 납 급여시 증가하였고, 식이 칼슘 함량이 낮을수록 증가하였다. 뇨중 포도당 배설량은 납 급여 시 증가하였고. 식이 단백과 칼슘 함량이 낮을 수록 높아지는 경향을 보였다. Creatinine clearance는 식이 단백과 칼슘 함량이 충분할 때는 납의 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.547-556
• /
• 1994

In order to identify the necessary information of biochemical Indices for renal effect of lead for the early detection in medical surveillance of lead worker, the reference values of urinary N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities were studied with 205 office workers in one industrial complex area who were not exposed to lead occupationally. While study variables selected for lead exposure were blood lead (PbB), blood zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP) and $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid (DALA) in urine, those for renal effect were urinary N-acetyl-$\beta$-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine(Cr), serum uric acid (Ua), and urinary total protein(U-TP). The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean values of blood lead, ZPP and DALA in all subjects were $14.39{\pm}4.02{\mu}g/dl,\;21.61{\pm}8.00{\mu}g/dl,\;and\;2.73{\pm}0.90mg/l$ respectively. 2. The mean value of urinary NAG activities in all subjects was $3.51{\pm}2.01U/l$. The mean value of urinary NAG activities, which calculated from NAG activities divided by urinary creatinine concentration (CNAG), was $5.42{\pm}5.53U/g$ creatinine and log-arithmic normal distributed. 3. The reference value of urinary NAG activity was 12.06 U/g creatinine(95% CU=10.57-14.76 U/g creatinine). 4. Logarithmic CNAG(r=0.781 p<0.0l), U-TP(r=0.670 p<0.01) and ZPP(r=0.172 p<0.05) showed statistically significant correlation with CNAG.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.195-207
• /
• 2019

Objectives: This study was performed to confirm whether plasma lead can be used as a chronic biomarker for the biological monitoring of exposure to lead. Methods: Lead concentrations in 66 plasma samples from retired lead workers (G.M. 60.25 years, Median 61.00 years) and 42 plasma samples from the general population (G.M. 53.76 years, Median 56.50 years) were measured using ICP/Mass. Tibia, whole blood, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood zinc protophorphyrin (ZPP) concentrations and urinary ${\delta}$-aminolevulinic acid (${\delta}-ALA$) were measured for correlation analysis with plasma lead. Results: The geometric mean concentration of lead in plasma was $0.23{\mu}g/L$ for the retired lead workers and $0.10{\mu}g/L$ for the general population sample. A simple correlation analysis of biomarkers showed that plasma lead concentration among the retired lead workers was highly correlated with lead concentration in the tibia and with blood lead concentration, and the plasma lead concentration among the general population correlated with ZPP concentration in the blood. The lead concentration in the tibia and the lead concentration in the whole blood increased with length of working period. As the period in the lead workplace increased, the ratio of lead in plasma to lead concentration in whole blood decreased. Conclusion: This study confirmed the possibility of a chronic biomarker of lead concentration in blood plasma as a biomarker. In the future, comparative studies with specific indicators will lead to more fruitful results.