• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.211-215
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• 2001

Urea as a silage additive increases crude protein but reduces fermentation quality of silage by increasing pH and enhancing clostridial bacteria growth, especially in low sugar forages. Glucose and formic acid might be expected to compensate these defects caused by urea addition to grass silage. Thus, in this experiment urea formic acid or urea with glucose was applied to improve N content and the quality of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) silage. The first growth of napiergrass was harvested at 85 days of age and about 700 g of the grass was ensiled in laboratory silos (1.0 liter polyethylene containers) for 2, 7, 14, and 30 days at room temperature ($28^{\circ}C$). The treatments were no additives (control), urea, urea+glucose or urea+formic acid. Urea was added before ensiling at 0.5% of fresh weight of napiergrass and glucose and formic acid were added at 1% of fresh weight, respectively. After opening the silo, pH, dry matter content (DM), contents on DM basis of total N (TN), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA) and butyric acid (BA) were determined. The control at 30 days of fermentation showed 5.89 for pH with 13.8% for VBN/TN and 1.51% for AA. The addition of urea increased TN by about 1.5% units but decreased the fermentation quality by increasing pH from 5.89 to 6.86, increasing VBN/TN from 13.8% to 24.63%, increasing BA from 0.02% to 0.56%, and decreasing LA from 1.03% to 0.02%. Glucose addition with urea significantly decreased VBN/TN from 13.8% to 4.44% by reducing pH from 6.86 to 4.83 because of higher production of LA (2.62%). Adding urea and formic acid resulted in a more pronounced depression of VBN/TN and fermentation than the addition of urea and glucose. This study suggested that the combination of 1% glucose or 1% formic acid with 0.5% urea will improve nutritive value and fermentation quality of napiergrass silage.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.122-130
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• 1992

To improve the physical properties and the dyeing properties of silk, the silk fabric was treated with urea resin and reactive dyeing. The effects of urea resin concentration, pH of padding bath and curing condition were investigated in order to find optimum condition and the following results are obtained The optimum condition for the crease recovery of silk fabric was urea resin concentration of 80 g/ι, pH of 7, the curings temperature of about 135$^{\circ}C$, and the curing time of 3 minutes. The crease recovery and the thermal insulation ratio of silk fabric were increased by the above treatment. K/S increased as the adding amount of Na$_2$SO$_4$ increased, K/S, however was not affected by the adding amount of Na$_2$CO$_3$. Co1or fastness of the dyed fabrics treated with urea resin were improved slightly compared with untreated ones.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.481-486
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• 1994

The effect of neutralization of urea-treated rice straw with sulfuric acid was investigated. Long-cut (15-20 cm) and short-cut (2-3 cm) rice straw were treated with 6% urea for 21 days, and the treated straw was mixed with an acid-molasses solution to neutralize free ammonia and kept airtightly in a plastic bag for 24 hours. The neutralized and non-neutralized straw were dried and subjected to chemical analysis and in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility determination. The in vitro DM digestibility as well as crude protein (CP) content were remarkably improved by neutralization. Short-cutting of the straw before treatment gave a better result than the long-cut samples. Neutralization with sulfuric acid also affected the chemical composition and increased sulfur content of samples. The CP thus fixed by neutralization was proven to be kept stable for 3 months, and in vitro DM digestibility was not affected by the storing period.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.11-14
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• 1964

Change of the amount of carbohydrates in relations with nitrogen metabolism was studied under the different manners of supply and with different sources of nitrogen. In barley plant supplied with nitrogen through root, the depression periods of glucose and sucrose content occurred at 2 days after, but the amounts of both sugars were different with the different sources of nitrogen; there were in sequence diminished by treatment of NO3, NH4 and urea. In sunflower leaves sprayed with urea both sugar contents were inversely related to the urea concentration sprayed, and depressing periods of the sugars appeared immediately in the N-deficient plant but late in the N-abundant one.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2005년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.6
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• pp.361-362
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• 2005

Antimony doped tin oxide(ATO) nano powders have been synthesized by homogeneous precipitation method using $SnCl_4\cdot5H_2O$ for precursor, $SbCl_3$ as doped material and urea. The hydrolysis of urea and conductive mechanism and Heat treatment was performed at the temperature from $500^{\circ}C$ to $700^{\circ}C$ in air. The ATO nano powders are characterized by means of Thermogravimetry differential thermal analyzer (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller adsorption (BET), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ATO nano powders with an average size of nm and the highest surface area 129 $m^2g^{-1}$ are obtained.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.837-844
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• 2006

Four, lactating dairy cows were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ Factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to study supplementation of urea level (U) at 2 and 4% and sodium dl-malate (M) at 10 and 20 g/hd/d in concentrate. The treatments were as follows U2M10, U2M20, U4M10 and U4M20, respectively. The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2.5 and urea-treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The results have revealed that rumen fermentation and blood metabolites were similar for all treatments. The populations of protozoa and fungal zoospores were significantly different as affected by urea level and sodium dl-malate. In addition, the viable bacteria were similar for amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Cellulolytic bacteria were significantly affected by level of sodium dl-malate especially Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii while Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens was significantly affected by level of urea supplementation. In conclusion, the combined use of concentrate containing high level of cassava chip at 75% DM with urea at 4% in concentrate and sodium dl-malate at 20 g/hd/d with UTS as a roughage could improv rumen ecology and microbial protein synthesis efficiency in lactating dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.1551-1556
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• 2007

The objective of the research was to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or urea supplementation in sheep and goats fed a basal diet of Acacia saligna and wheat straw. The 3 dietary treatments were: (1) Control: ad libitum A. saligna+ 400 g/d wheat straw (95% DM) (basal diet); (2) Basal diet+50 g/d PEG 4000; and (3) Basal diet+1% (on a DM basis) urea sprayed onto the straw and A. saligna 30 min prior to feeding. All animals maintained live weight, regardless of the dietary treatment. All sheep readily consumed the A. saligna in preference to straw. In sheep both DMD and OMD were higher (p<0.05) where PEG was included in the diet compared to the other two treatments. Contrary to findings by other researchers there was no significant difference in DMI, DMD or OMD between sheep and goats in corresponding treatment groups. All animals were in positive N balance. For both sheep and goats, rumen ammonia concentrations were increased with the use of either urea or PEG. In these groups the maximum ammonia concentrations exceeded 50 mg/L, considered the minimum required to maximise microbial growth. This threshold, however, was exceeded only for a period of 8-11 h. Of those measured, rumen ammonia levels were generally the highest at 4 h post feeding. None of the measurements of rumen ammonia for the control group approached 50 mg/L. It is unclear how and why feed intake and live weight were maintained when rumen ammonia levels were often sub-optimal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1990

An experiment was conducted with three ruminally and intestinally cannulated non-lactating cows of Finnish Ayrshire breed, to assess the ruminal degradation characteristics of oat (Avena sativa), rye (Secale cereale) and rice (Oryza sativa) straw by the nylon bag technique, and the subsequent post-ruminal degradation of their rumen-undegraded residues by using the mobile bag technique, respectively. The straw samples were untreated or treated with aqueous $NH_3$ or with urea solution in cold or hot water. The untreated straw samples were milled or chopped, and the treated straw samples were chopped. The constant values a, b, and c were computed according to the exponential equation, where a = intercept of degradation curve at time 0, b = potentially degradable material, c = rate of degradation of band (a+b) = maximum potential degradability (asymptote). It was found that nitrogen contents of chemically treated straw were markedly increased by both $NH_3$ and urea treatments. Milling the samples attributed to a remarkable loss at 0 h incubation time as compared to chopping of the respective samples. However, chemical treatment markedly improved the b value and the subsequent (a+b) values for dry matter, organic matter, neutral-detergent fiber, and acid-detergent fiber of the samples. Furthermore, temperature of the water used in the urea solutions was considered essential, since urea in hot water rather than in cold water seemed to enhance the overall degradability. The disappearance of rumen-incubated straw residues from the mobile bags ranged from 4.5 to 9.6% for the parameters measured. On average, the OM disappearance from bags was clearly higher for the residues of urea treated straw compared to those of ammonia treated straw, but the disappearance of NDF tended, however, to be higher on the ammonia treatment.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.173-183
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• 1997

This study was conducted to develop an integrated disease management system against large patch disease. Attempts were made to estimate the effect of calcium hydroxide, silicate fertilizer and urea on the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia sotani AG2-2 and the development of large patch in vitro and in vivo and to establish the most promising combination of fertilizer, fungicide and antagonistic microbes. 1.The mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia sotani AG2-2 were completely inhibited at 2,000, 1,000 and 3,000ppm concentration by calcium hydroxide, silicate fertilizer and urea, respectively. Inhibition effect of silicate fertilizer was the highest, but that of urea was the lowest compared with other treatments. 2.Treatment of calcium hydroxide at rate of l00g /$m^2$ was the most effective, and control effect appeared from 30 days after treatment in spring, which was better in autumn than in spring. Silicate fertilizer treated at rate of l00g /$m^2$, 200g /m$^2$, in spring and 50g /$m^2$ in autumn were very effective. Urea at rate of 30g /$m^2$ was more effective than 60g /m$^2$ and 120g /m$^2$. 3.The efficacies of mepronil and toclofos-methyl, applied twice in spring and once in autumn, were 83.8% in spring, which persisted to 70% in autumn compared with untreated plot. 4.The efficacies of Trichoderma harzianum were the highest by 55% in spring, but those of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BL-3 and Peudomonas putida were the highest by 80% in autumn among other antagonists tested, when two organisms were applied twice in spring and once in autumn.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.86-88
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• 1993

요소를 뽕잎에 살포한 후 경과일 수가 누에 생육 및 견질에 영향을 주는가를 알기 위해 0.5% 요소수용액을 6회 살포하고 살포 1, 2, 3일 후에 수확하여 뽕잎의 화학성분을 분석하고 늦가을누에를 사육한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 요소 엽면시비를 대조에 비해 뽕잎의 수분함량을 0.4%~0.7%, 전 질소함량을 0.19~0.51% 더 높였으나, 다른 무기성분함량에는 영향이 없었다. 2. 뽕잎중의 NO3-N 함량은 요소엽면시비구가 대조에 비해 503~1,107 ppm 높았으며, 살포 후 시일이 경과함에 따라 함량이 감소하였다. 3. 누에 사육결과 대조구보다 시비구에서 전견종은 0.02~0.14g, 견층중은 0.5~3.1cg 높았으나 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 4. 요소엽면시비에 의해 뽕잎중의 NO3-N 함량은 증가하였지만, 생물 검정 결과 살포후 1일 경과한 뽕잎을 따먹여도 누에에는 전혀 해가 없는 것으로 판단되었다.