• Title/Summary/Keyword: urea treatment

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Effects of Probiotics on Antioxidant Biochemical Parameters and Antioxidant Enzymesin the Blood, Intestinal Mucosal Tissues and Liver of Broiler Chicks under High Ambient Temperature Conditions (고온기 생균제 급여가 육계의 혈액, 소장 점막 및 간 조직에서 항산화 생화학 지표 및 항산화 효소에 미치는 영향)

  • Kang-Min Seomoon;In-Surk Jang
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.109-118
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    • 2023
  • Four-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 groups with 9 replicates (8 birds/cage) under high ambient temperature; birds fed a basal diet (CON), a basal diet supplemented with 0.25% of probiotic complex (LPB, 1 × 106 Lactobacillus plantarum, 1 × 106 Bacillus subtilis, and 1 × 106 Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 0.5% probiotic complex (HPB). Immediately after 28-d feeding trial, 6 birds having average body weight per group were sacrificed for evaluating the effects of probiotics on antioxidant parameters in the serum, intestine, and liver of birds. As results, serum biochemical parameters of nitrogen components including total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, and glutathione were unaffected by dietary probiotics. In addition, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were not changed by dietary probiotic supplement in birds. In the intestinal mucosa, SOD activity in the HPB group significantly (P<0.05) increased compared with that in the CON and the LPB groups. Lipid peroxidation in the HPB group significantly (P<0.05) decreased compared with that in the CON group. However, there was no statistical difference in GPX, and GST activities in the intestinal mucosa among treatment groups. In the liver, the activities of SOD, GPX, and GST, and the level of MDA were unaffected by probiotic supplement. In conclusion, 0.5% of probiotics significantly increased SOD activity and decreased lipid peroxidation in the intestinal mucosa, suggesting that probiotic complex could be potential to improve the small intestinal antioxidant capacity of bird under high ambient temperature conditions.

Assessment of Combined Administration of Hypoglycemic Agents and Herbal Extracts (Pyeongwi-san or HyangsaPyongwi-san) on Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Study (표준 치료를 받고 있는 제2형 당뇨병 환자에서 혈당강하제와 평위산 및 향사평위산 병용 투여가 혈당에 미치는 영향 및 안정성 연구)

  • Woo-nyoung Jung;Seung-hyun Oh;Mee-ryoung Song;Ji-won Noh;Young-min Ahn;Se-young Ahn;Byung-cheol Lee
    • The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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    • v.44 no.4
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    • pp.661-674
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    • 2023
  • Abstract: This retrospective study delved into the effects and safety considerations associated with the concomitant usage of hypoglycemic agents and herbal extracts, specifically Pyeongwi-san (PWS) or HyangsaPyongwi-san (HSPWS) in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Methods: The investigation involved 38 inpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received PWS or HSPWS treatment at Kyung Hee University Korean Medical Hospital from January 2012 to December 2022. By investigating clinical attributes and conducting laboratory assessments, this study aimed to discern the impact of these herbal extracts on blood glucose levels, encompassing fasting blood sugar (FBS) and mean 2-hour postprandial glucose (PP2) levels. Furthermore, the safety profile of the herbal extracts was assessed by comparing liver function indicators, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alongside kidney function markers, such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). Results: Following the administration of the herbal extracts, no statistically significant alterations in FBS and mean PP2 levels emerged compared to the baseline levels. Notably, the safety evaluation revealed no significant differences in liver and kidney function parameters following herbal extract administration. Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that using PWS or HSPWS alongside hypoglycemic medications could be a beneficial additional method for addressing digestive symptoms in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Notably, this combination seems to have no negative interactions with other drugs.

Edible mushroom (Pleurotus cornucopiae) extract vs. glibenclamide on alloxan induced diabetes: sub-acute in vivo study of Nrf2 expression and renal toxicity

  • Chinedu Godwin Uzomba;Uchenna Kenneth Ezemagu;Mary-Sonia Ofoegbu;Njoku Lydia;Essien Goodness;Chinedum Emelike;Uchewa Obinna;Alo Joseph Nwafor;Ejikeme Felix Mbajiorgu
    • Anatomy and Cell Biology
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    • v.57 no.3
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    • pp.446-458
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    • 2024
  • The study aims to compare the action of Pleurotus cornucopiae and glibenclamide on alloxan-induced diabetes and ascertain how an aqueous extract of the edible mushroom regulates the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), oxidative stress biomarkers and renal toxicity in a diabetic male Wistar rat model. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly grouped into five groups with five rats per. Group 1 and those in the treatment groups received normal feed and water ad libitum. Group 2 received intraperitoneal administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight). Group 3 received alloxan monohydrate and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg body weight bwt), group 4 received alloxan monohydrate plus the extract (250 mg/kg bwt) and group 5 received alloxan monohydrate plus the extract (500 mg/kg bwt). The administration of glibenclamide plus the extract was oral for 14 days. Glibenclamide and the extract lowered blood glucose level, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in rats with alloxan induced diabetes. The extract at 500 mg/kg bwt reduced the plasma urea and sodium concentration in the treated rats. The extract and glibenclamide could detoxify alloxan and restore its induced renal degeneration and glomeruli atrophy, intra renal hemorrhage and inflammation and oxidative biomarkers through activation of Nrf2 expression. The drug glibenclamide and P. cornucopiae have appreciable hypoglycemic activity and potential to restore the normal renal architecture in the rats, hence they offer similar curative effects. Additionally, the extract at 500 mg/kg bwt activated SOD and Nrf2 expression more than glibenclamide in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes.

Effects of Depth and Duration of Water-logging on Growth and Yield at Transplanting and Flowering Stage in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (고추(Capsicum annuum L.)의 이식기(移植期) 및 개화기(開化期) 침수처리(浸水處理) 따른 생육반응(生育反應))

  • Guh, Ja-Ock;Kuk, Yong-In
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.425-433
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    • 1996
  • Pepper plants were water-logged at 0, 5, 10 and 15 cm at transplanting and flowering stages under the condition of greenhouse. Treatment of water-logging times were 6, 12, 24, 48 and 120 hours. The results obtained are summarized as follows. At the transplanting stage, plant height, number of leaves, shoot and root fresh weight decreased by water-logging at 0cm for 24 hours and at 5cm or more for 6 hours. Number of fallen leaf was negligible by 12 hours water-logging at 0cm, however, its increased by more increased the water-logging depth and time. Diffusion resistance and chlorophyll content of leaf, and root activity decreased at more than 24 hours of water-logging regardless of the water-logging depth treatments. Photosynthesis and respiration rate diminished by increased the water-logging depth at 120 hours water-logging treatment. Plant diseases, mainly anthracnose(Colletotrichum) occurred in proportion to increase the depth and time of water-logging. It was not possible to control the diseases by fungicides. At the treatment of foliar spray of urea for recovery to water-logging damage, the efficiency was not found on plant height, but the number of leaves. Number of fruit and weight of fruit per plant showed no difference from no water-logging to 24 hours water-logging at 0cm, but its decreased that more than 24 hours water-logging at 0cm and more than 6 hours water-logging at 5cm or more. The averaged weight of a fruit on survival plants increased by more hours and deeper water-logging. There was positive correlation between all the investigated characteristics of growth and yield. There was, however, negative correlation between the characteristics and diffusion resistance of leaf stomata. The correlation between number of fallen leaf and averaged weight of a fruit was not significant. At flowering stage, number of fruit and weight of fruit per plant showed a similar tendency to no water-logging and by 12 hours water-logging at 0cm and 5cm, but significantly decreased at more than 24 hours water-logging from 0 to 5cm, and more than 6 hours water-logging at 10cm or more. The averaged weight of a fruit on survival plants increased by more hours and deeper water-logging except for 120 hours water-logging at all water depths.

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Nutritional Effects of Paper Board Sludge on the Garlic(Allium sativum L.) (마늘에 대(對)한 판지(板紙) SLUDGE의 영양학적(營養學的) 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Moon-Kyu;Chang, Ki-Woon;Choi, Woo-Young;Lee, Chang-Jun
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.208-213
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    • 1990
  • The parer board sludge (PBS) itself and compost sludge manure (CSM) made of sawdust, fowl droppings, and urea to the PBS were treated to garlic to determine the effects of growing characters, yield components, and nutritional compounds in the plants. 1. The differences of the rate of missing plants were not found between control and treatments. 2. Plant height of the garlic increased in the treatments of PBS and CSM rather than control. Numbers of leaf, and width of the largest leaf and stem did not have any distinct tendency to change. 3. Total weight and weight of the above ground part were highest in the treatment of 1,600kg/10a PBS, and CS-2 treatment mixed with high portion of additives. The weight of underground part and yield increased with the increase of paper board sludge, and highest in CS-2 treatment. 4. The contents of nitrogen in the plant were higher in the treatments of PBS and CSM than control. And CSM treatments had generally higher concentrations than PBS treatments. 5. In conclusion, PBS itself had nutritional effects. The PBS could be used to some crops after fermentation with adequate additives.

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Effects of Phosphate and Potash Fertilizers on the Yield and Nicotine Content of Tobacco Leaves (인산(燐酸) 및 가리비료(加里肥料)가 엽연초(葉煙草)의 수량(收量) 및 니코틴의 함량(含量)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Cho, S.J.;Kim, J.J.;Bae, H.W.
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.31-38
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    • 1969
  • This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different levels of phosphate and potash firtilizers applied on yields and quality of leaf tobacco. It was done at all varying levels of phosphate and potassium fertilizers $S_0$ (non-fertilizer plot);N:P:K=0:0:0 (Kg/10a) $S_1$ (1/2 amount plot);N:P:K=10:7.5:10 (Kg/10a) $S_2$ (standard plot);N:P:K=10:15:20 (Kg/10a) $S_3$ (1.5 times plot);N:P:K=10:22.5:30(Kg/10a) $S_4$ (2.0times plot);N:P:K==10:30:40 (Kg/10a) Urea was applied as nitrogen, triple superphosphate as phosphate, potassium sulfate as potash source. The total amount of fertilizers was applied as basal dressing per one plant. This experiment was carried out by using randomized block design with 3 replication. The results obtained in terms of yields and quality are summarized as follows. 1. By increasing the amounts of phosphate and potassium fertilizers, growing status of the largest leaf length, the largest leaf width and stem size of tobacco increased in the order of $S_4>S_3>S_2>S_1>S_0$. 2. By increasing the amount of phosphate and potassium fertilizers, yield was increased in the order of $S_4>S_3>S_2>S_1>S_0$, This increase showed generally high significance among various levels of treatments. 3. The regressive equation was derived from the relationship between treatment levels and tobacco leaf yield. The most desirable treatment level for the maximum yield was estimated as the 2.87 times as much as the treatment level of phosphate and potasium fertilizers of standard plot. 4. By increased application of phosphate and potash fertilizers, the contents of $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ in the tobacco leaf became greater while the content of nicotine was decreased. Thus, a negative correlation between fertilizer application and nicotine content has been observed.

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A Case of Adult-onset Type II Citrullinemia Confirmed by Mutation of SLC25A13 (SLC25A13 유전자 돌연변이로 확진된 성인형 제 2형 시트룰린혈증 1례)

  • Jeung, Min Sub;Yang, Aram;Kim, Jinsup;Park, Hyung-Doo;Lee, Heon Ju;Jin, Dong-Kyu;Cho, Sung Yoon
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.34-41
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    • 2016
  • Adult-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2) is characterized by episodes of neurologic symptoms associated with hyperammonemia leading to disorientation, irritability, seizures, and coma. CTLN2 is distinct from classical citrullinemia, which is caused by a mutation of the argininosuccinic acid synthetase (ASS) gene. The serum citrulline level is elevated, while the activity of ASS in liver tissue is decreased. CTLN2 is known to have a poor prognosis if the proper treatment is not taken. We reported a female aged 37 years who developed recurrent attacks of altered consciousness, aberrant behavior, and vomiting. We initially suspected the patient had CTLN2 because of the signs of hyperammonemic encephalopathy, such as altered mentality, memory disturbance, and aberrant behaviors provoked by exercise-induced stress and excessive intravenous amino acid administration. Through her peculiar diet preferences and laboratory findings that included hyperammonemia and citrullinemia, we diagnosed the patient as CTLN2, and SLC25A13 sequencing revealed known compound heterozygous mutations (IVS11+1G>A, c.674C> A). Her parents were heterozygous carriers, and we identified that her older sister had the same mutations. The older sister had not experienced any episodes of hyperammonemia, but she had peculiar diet preferences. The patient and her sister have been well with conservative management. When considering the clinical course of CTLN2, it was meaningful that the older sister could be diagnosed early in an asymptomatic period and that preemptive treatment was employed. Through this case, CTLN2 should be considered in adults who present symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy without a definite etiology. Because of its rare incidence and similar clinical features, CTLN2 is frequently misdiagnosed as hepatic encephalopathy, and it shows a poor prognosis due to the lack of early diagnosis and proper treatment. A high-carbohydrate diet, which is usually used to treat other urea cycle defects, can also exaggerate the clinical course of CTLN2, so proper metabolic screening tests and genetic studies should be performed.

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Evaluation of Bio-starch from Corn Processing to Replace Dried-Whey in Weaned Pigs (이유자돈에서 건조 유청 대체를 위한 옥수수 전분 가공제품 Bio-starch의 급여 평가)

  • Shin, Seung-Oh;Yoo, Jong-Sang;Lee, Je-Hyun;Jang, Hae-Dong;Kim, Hyo-Jin;Huang, Yan;Chen, Ying he;Cho, Jin-Ho;Kim, In-Ho
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.50 no.4
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    • pp.499-508
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    • 2008
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bio-starch from corn processing to replace dried whey in weaned pigs. A total of 120 crossbred [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs were weaned at 21 days of age weighing 6.01±0.34 kg in average. Five week feeding trial consisted of phase 1(0~2 wks) and phase 2(3~5 wks). Dietary treatments included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) BS5(whey 5%, partial substitution of bio-starch), 3) BS10(whey 10%, partial substitution of bio-starch) and 4) BS15(whey 15%, partial substitution of bio-starch). There were four dietary treatments with six replicate pens per treatment and five pigs per pen. During the overall period, there were no significant differences in the ADG(average daily gain) and gain/feed ratio among the treatments(P>0.05). However, the ADFI(average daily feed intake) was higher in BS5 and BS15 treatments than in CON treatment(P<0.05). At the 2nd week, dry matter and nitrogen digestibility were increased(quadratic effect, P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively; cubic effect, P<0.001 and P=0.01, respectively) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the last week of the experiment, dry matter, nitrogen and energy digestibility were increased(P<0.05) with the highest at 5% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the 2nd week total protein concentration was increased(linear effect, P=0.04; cubic effect, P=0.01) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. Also, BUN(blood urea nitrogen) was increased(linear effect, P=0.01) as the level of bio-starch inclusion increased in the diets. Fecal consistency score was inclined to lowers CON treatment than other treatments. In conclusion, the result of trial indicates that bio-starch can be included at the level of 5~10% of weaning pig diet replacing part of the dried-whey, and digestibilities were positively affected by bio-starch at growth stage.

Effects of Boliing, Steaming, and Chemical Treatment on Solid Wood Bending of Quercus acutissima Carr. and Pinus densiflora S. et. Z. (자비(煮沸), 증자(蒸煮) 및 약제처리(藥劑處理)가 상수리나무와 소나무의 휨가공성(加工性)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • So, Won-Tek
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.19-62
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    • 1985
  • This study was performed to investigate: (i) the bending processing properties of silk worm oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.) and Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) by boiling and steaming treatments; (ii) the effects of interrelated factors - sapwood and heartwood, annual ring placement, softening temperature and time, moisture content. and wood defects on bending processing properties; (iii) the changing rates of bending radii after release from a tension strap, and (iv) the improving methods of bending process by treatment with chemicals. The size of specimens tested was $15{\times}15{\times}350mm$ for boiling and steaming treatments and $5{\times}10{\times}200mm$ for treatments with chemicals. The specimens were green for boiling treatments and dried to 15 percent for steaming treatments. The specimens for treatments with chemicals were soaked in saturated urea solution, 35 percent formaldehyde solution, 25 percent polyethylene glycol -400 solution, and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution for 5 days and immediately followed the bending process, respectively. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The internal temperature of silk worm oak and Korean red pine by boiling and steaming time was raised slowly to $30^{\circ}C$ but rapidly from $30^{\circ}C$ to $80-90^{\circ}C$ and then slowly from $80-90^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. 2. The softening time required to the final temperature was directly proportional to the thickness of specimen. The time required from $25^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$ for 15mm-squared specimen was 9.6-11.2 minutes in silk worm oak and 7.6-8.1 minutes in Korean red pine. 3. The moisture content (M.C.) of specimen by steaming time was increased rapidly first 4 minutes in the both species, and moderately from 4 to 20 minutes and then slowly and constantly in silk worm oak, and moderately from 4 to 15 minutes and then slowly and constantly in Korean red pine. The M.C. of 15mm-squared specimen in 50 minutes of steaming was increased to 18.0 percent in the oak and 22.4 percent in the pine from the initial conditioned M.C. of 15 percent The rate of moisture adsorption measured was therefore faster in the pine than in the oak. 4. The mechanical properties of the both species were decreased significantly with the increase of boiling rime. The decrement by the boiling treatment for 60 minutes was measured to 36.6-45.0 percent in compressive strength, 12.5-17.5 percent in tensile strength, 31.6-40.9 percent in modulus of rupture, and 23.3-34.6 percent in modulus of elasticity. 5. The minimum bending radius (M.B.R.) of sapwood and heartwood was 60-80 mm and 90 mm in silk worm oak, and 260 - 300 mm and 280 - 300 mm in Korean red pine, respectively. Therefore, the both species showed better bending processing properties in sapwood than in heartwood. 6. The M.B.R. of edge-grained and flat-grained specimen in suk worm oak was 60-80 mm, but the M.B.R. in Korean red pine was 240-280 mm and 260-360 mm, respectively. Comparing the M.B.R. of edge-grained with flat-grained specimen, in the pine the edge-grained showed better bending processing property than the flat-grained. 7. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the rising of softening temperature from $40^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$. The minimum softening temperature for bending was $90^{\circ}C$ in silk worm oak and $80^{\circ}C$ in Korean red pine, and the dependency of softening temperature for bending was therefore higher in the oak than in the pine. 8. The bending processing properties of the both species were improved by the increase of softening time as well as temperature, but even after the internal temperature of specimen reaching to the final temperature, somewhat prolonged softening was required to obtain the best plastic conditions. The minimum softening time for bending of 15 mm-squared silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen was 15 and 10 minutes in the boiling treatment, and 30 and 20 minutes in the steaming treatment, respectively. 9. The optimum M.C. for bending of silk worm oak was 20 percent, and the M.C. above fiber saturation point rather degraded the bending processing property, whereas the optimum M.C. of Korean red pine needed to be above 30 percent. 10. The bending works in the optimum conditions obtained as seen in Table 24 showed that the M.B.R. of silk worm oak and Korean red pine was 80 mm and 240 mm in the boiling treatment, and 50 mm and 280 mm in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing property of the oak was better in the steaming than in the boiling treatment, but that of the pine better in the boiling than in the steaming treatment. 11. In the bending without a tension strap, the radio r/t of the minimum bending radius t to the thickness t of silk worm oak and Korean red pine specimen amounted to 16.0 and 21.3 in the boiling treatment, and 17.3 and 24.0 in the steaming treatment, respectively. But in the bending with a tension strap, the r/t of the oak and the pine specimen decreased to 5.3 and 16.0 in t he boiling treatment, and 3.3 and 18.7 in the steaming treatment, respectively. Therefore, the bending processing properties of the both species were significantly improved by the strap. 12. The effect of pin knot on the degradation of bending processing property was very severe in silk worm oak by side, e.g. 90 percent of the oak specimens with pin knot on the concave side were ruptured when bent to a 100 mm radius but only 10 percent of the other specimens with pin knot on the convex side were ruptured. 13. The changing rate in the bending radius of specimen bent to a 300 mm radius after 30 days of exposure to room temperature conditions was measured to 4.0-10.3 percent in the boiling treatment and 13,0-15.0 percent in the steaming treatment. Therefore, the degree of spring back after release was higher in the steaming than in the boiling treatment. And the changing rate of moisture-proofing treated specimen by expoxy resin coating was only -1.0.0 percent. 14. Formaldehyde, 35 percent solution, and 25 percent polyethylene glycol-400 solution found no effect on the plasticization of the both species, but saturated urea solution and 25 percent ammonium hydroxide solution found significant effect in comparison to non-treated specimen. But the effect of the treatment with chemicals alone was inferior to that of the steaming treatment, and the steaming treatment after the treatment with chemicals improved 10-24 percent over the bending processing property of steam-bent specimen. 15. Three plasticity coefficients - load-strain coefficient, strain coefficient, and energy coefficient - were evaluated to be appropriate for the index of bending processing property because the coefficients had highly significant correlation with the bending radius. The fitness of the coefficients as the index was good at load-strain coefficient, energy coefficient, and strain coefficient, in order.

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Cultural Practices for Reducing Cold Wind Damage of Rice Plant in Eastern Coastal Area of Korea (동해안지대 도작의 냉조풍피해와 피해경감대책)

  • 이승필;김칠용
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.36 no.5
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    • pp.407-428
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    • 1991
  • The eastern coastal area having variability of climate is located within Taebaek mountain range and the east coast of Korea. It is therefore ease to cause the wind damages in paddy field during rice growing season. The wind damages to rice plant in this area were mainly caused by the Fohn wind (dry and hot wind) blowing over the Taebaek mountain range and the cold humid wind from the coast. The dry wind cause such as the white head, broken leaves, cut-leaves, dried leaves, shattering of grain, glume discolouration and lodging, On the other hand the cold humid wind derived from Ootsuku air mass in summer cause such symptom as the poor rice growth, degeneration of rachis brenches and poor ripening. To minimize the wind damages and utilize as a preparatory data for wind injury of rice in future, several experiments such as the selection of wind resistant variety to wind damage, determination of optimum transplanting date, improvement of fertilizer application methods, improvement of soils and effect of wind break net were carried out for 8 years from 1982 to 1989 in the eastern coastal area. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. According to available statisical data from Korean meteorological services (1954-1989) it is apperent that cold humid winds frequently cause damage to rice fields from August 10th to September 10th, it is therefore advisable to plan rice cultivation in such a way that the heading date should not be later than August 10th. 2. During the rice production season, two winds cause severe damage to the rice fields in eastern coastal area of Korea. One is the Fohn winds blowing over the Taebaek mountain range and the other is the cold humid wind form the coast. The frequency of occurrence of each wind was 25%. 3. To avoid damage caused by typhoon winds three different varieties of rice were planted at various areas. 4. In the eastern coastal area of Korea, the optimum ripening temperature for rice was about 22.2$^{\circ}C$ and the optimum heading date wad August 10th. The optimum transplanting time for the earily maturity variety was June 10th., medium maturity variety was May 20th and that of late maturity was May 10th by means of growing days degree (GDD) from transplanting date to heading date. 5.38% of this coastal area is sandy loamy soil while 28% is high humus soil. These soil types are very poor for rice cultivation. In this coastal area, the water table is high, the drainage is poor and the water temperature is low. The low water temperature makes it difficult for urea to dissolve, as a result rice growth was delayed, and the rice plant became sterile. But over application of urea resulted in blast disease in rice plants. It is therefore advise that Ammonium sulphate is used in this area instead of urea. 6. The low temperature of the soil inhibits activities of microorganism for phosphorus utilization so the rice plant could not easily absorb the phosphorus in the soil. Therefore phosphorus should be applied in splits from transplanting to panicle initiation rather than based application. 7. Wind damage was severe in the sandy loamy soil as compared to clay soils. With the application of silicate. compost and soil from mointain area. the sand loamy soil was improved for rice grain colour and ripening. 8. The use of wind break nets created a mocro-climate such as increased air. soil and water temperature as well as the reduction of wind velocity by 30%. This hastened rice growth, reduced white head and glume discolouration. improved rice quality and increased yield. 9. Two meter high wind break net was used around the rice experimental fields and the top of it. The material was polyethylene sheets. The optimum spacing was 0.5Cm x 0.5Cm. and that of setting up the wind break net was before panicle initiation. With this set up, the field was avoided off th cold humid wind and the Fohn. The yield in the treatment was 20% higher than the control. 10. After typhoon, paddy field was irrigated deeply and water was sprayed to reduce white head, glume discolouration, so rice yield was increased because of increasing ripening ratio and 1, 000 grain weight.

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