• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.1031-1037
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• 1996

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.323-328
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• 1989

절대(絶對) 혐기조건(嫌氣條件)에서 볏짚의 분해작용(分解作用)에 관여(關與)하는 혐기미생물(嫌氣微生物)과 그 분해생성물(分解生成物)들의 행동(行動)을 구명코져 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 전(全) 시험기간(試驗期間)동안 처리(處理)에 관계없이 메탄생성균수(生成菌數)가 섬유소분해균수(分解菌數)보다 많았다. 2. 혐기미생물(嫌氣微生物)의 활성(活性)은 볏짚+요소구(尿素區)에서 항온초기(恒溫初期)에 높았던 반면 볏짚단용구(單用區)는 초기(初期)에 감소(減少)되었다가 항온 10日 이후부터 다시 증가(增加)되었다. 3. 중간분해산물(中間分解産物)인 휘발성지방산(揮發性脂肪酸)은 볏짚+요소구(尿素區)보다 볏짚단용구(單用區)에서 그 생성양(生成量)이 높았고 체재기간(滯在期間)도 더 길었으며 이들중 propionic acid함양(含量)이 가장 높았다. 4. 최종분해산물(最終分解産物)인 가스의 발생양(發生量)은 메탄생성균(生成菌)의 활성(活性)과 대단히 밀접(密接)한 관련을 갖고 있었다. 5. 항온기간(恒溫期間)중 액(液)중의 평균 Eh값은 -250mV이었고 이때 $CH_4$:$CO_2$의 %비(比)는 약 60~65 : 35~40이었다. 6. $CH_4$와 $CO_2$ 가스로부터 환산(換算)한 유기물(有機物)의 분해률(分解率)은 볏짚+요소구(尿素區)가 50일(日)동안 45.6%이었으며 볏짚단용구(單用區)는 36.8%이었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2005

Aluminum tri-butoxide was mixed with the water/ethanol solution and then chloroplatinic acid was added to the solution. The solution was dried at $100^{\circ}C$ for 15hrs to remove the solvent and water then it was calcined at $500^{\circ}C$. The catalyst was activated with a gas mixture. During the activation, the temperature was increased from $150^{\circ}C$ to $500^{\circ}C$. The necessary amount of urea was dissolved in 50mL water and injected. Aqueous urea solution was then mixed with the feed gas stream. At low temperatures, nitrogen containing compounds of urea decomposition are used as reductants in the reducton of $NO_X$. However at high temperatures the nitrogen containing compounds are oxidized to NO and $NO_2$ by oxygen instead of being used in the reduction. The activity of the catalyst was dependent on urea concentration in the feed stream when there was not adequate water vapor in the feed. The maximum conversion was shifted from $250^{\circ}C$ to $150^{\circ}C$ when water concentration was increased from 2 to 17%. It seems that the maximum temperature shifts to lower temperatures because the hydrolysis rate of HNCO increases with water, resulting in higher amounts of $NH_3$.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.531-540
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 열중량분석법(Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis, TGA)을 이용하여 우레아 수용액의 농도와 열전달 속도가 우레아 수용액으로부터 암모니아가 생성되는 과정에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 또한 1,000 $Nm^3$/h 규모의 유류 연소 보일러에 도입된 관통형 노즐을 사용하여 우레아의 분사방향을 상방과 하방으로 하였을 때를 비교함으로써 분사된 우레아가 지나는 경로에서 주위온도가 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 질소 또는 공기 분위기에서 수행된 열중량분석 실험에서, 우레아는 산소의 존재유무에 관계없이 동일한 열분해 과정을 거쳤으며, 우레아 수용액은 가열속도에 따라 매우 다른 무게 감량 경향을 보여 가열속도가 우레아의 분해에 중요한 인자임을 나타내었다. 농도가 10%~40%인 우레아 수용액에서 우레아 열분해 시작 온도는 큰 차이를 보이지 않으므로, 농도의 영향은 그리 크지 않았다. 위치가 다른 세 곳에서 온도를 동일하게 유지하였을 때 상부 분사인 경우 탈질 효율은 각각 68.1%, 71.8%, 70.8%로 나타나 크게 차이가 나지 않았다. 동일 지역을 향하여 하부에서 분사한 경우와 상부에서 분사한 경우의 탈질 효율을 비교하면 각각 68.1%와 9.5%를 보여 동일한 지역에 분사된 우레아일지라도 분사방향에 따라 탈질 효율에는 큰 차이를 보였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2002

Decomposition of green manure is necessary for the nutrient supply in farm soil. Hairy vetch as a green manure is superior to other winter legumes in terms of wintering ability and N accumulation. This experiment was carried out to investigate the decomposition and N release of hairy vetch and its effect on rice production as the following crop in paddy field. Decomposition of hairy vetch placed by soil depth of 0, 10 and 20cm at transplanting time was investigated by mesh bag method, which was enclosed chopped residue in mesh bags. The fate of $^{15}$ N derived from $^{15}$ N-labeled hairy vetch was investigated at harvest in three levels of N fertilization. Grain yield of the transplanted paddy rice cultured with hairy vetch as starter N were compared with that of applying urea as starter N in the field. Hairy vetch residue decomposed very rapidly both in transplanted and dry-seeded paddy field. In transplanted paddy field, hairy vetch residue lost 72-81 % and 86-90% of its weight after one and five month, respectively, as affected by incorporation depth. The C/N ratio of the decomposing vetch residue increased sharply during the early stages and after then, decreased slowly. The amounts of N and P released from the vetch were about 90% and 97% of initial content after one month, respectively. Recoveries of hairy vetch-$^{15}$ N by rice plant were 30.6, 34.6 and 35.7% in 0, 6 and 12 kg urea-N 10 $a^{-l}$ application, respectively, indicating that N fertilization increased the recovery of hairy vetch. $^{15}$ N. Hairy vetch residue incorporated as starter maintained significant N $H_4$$^{+}$-N concentration in soil water of plow layer until effective tillering stage. Grain yield in the plot applied with hairy vetch was not significantly different from that in the plot with urea. We concluded that hairy vetch incorporation could substitute starter N fertilization and showed possibility to reduce N amount of top-dressing.g.g.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2015

Urea-SCR which is one of the aftertreatment technologies for reducing the NOx emission is widely used. An experimental study was performed to investigate urea decomposition under various thermo-fluid conditions, with different temperatures and velocities of inflow gas, and urea solution quantities. 40 wt. % aqueous urea solutions were used in this study. The inflow gas conditions were similar to the exhaust conditions of a large marine engine. The spray performance of urea solution injector was identical under all experimental conditions. The conversion efficiency of $NH_3$ was larger than that of HNCO under all experimental conditions, unlike for the theoretical thermolysis reaction.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2015

디젤 엔진과 산업용 보일러에서의 질소산화물(NOX) 배출은 환경오염을 유발시키는 주요물질 중의 하나이다. 이러한 질소산화물 발생을 저감시키기 위한 방법으로 후처리 기술 중의 하나인 우레아 선택적 촉매 환원(Urea-SCR)기술이 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 선박용 디젤엔진의 배기가스 조건을 모사한 실험실 스케일의 실험장치를 통해 우레아 수용액의 열분해 특성에 대해 고찰하였다. 40 wt. %의 우레아 농도를 가진 우레아 수용액을 사용하였고, 모사가스의 온도와 유속변화, 우레아 수용액의 유량에 따른 총 전환율 뿐만 아니라 암모니아($NH_3$)와 이소시안산(HNCO)의 전환율 차이를 알아보았다. $210^{\circ}C$와 $250^{\circ}C$ 모사가스 온도에서 체류시간에 따라 암모니아의 전환율이 이소시안산의 전환율보다 높게 나타남을 확인하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2008

Urea-SCR, the selective catalytic reduction using urea as reducing agent, has been investigated for about 10 years in detail and today is a well established technique for deNOx of stationary diesel engines. In the case of the SCR-catalyst a non-uniform velocity and $NH_3$ profile will cause an inhomogeneous conversion of the reducing agent $NH_3$, resulting in a local breakthrough of $NH_3$ or increasing NOx emissions. Therefore, this work investigates the effect of flow and $NH_3$ non-uniformities on the deNOx performance and $NH_3$ slip in a Urea-SCR exhaust system. From the results of this study, it is found that flow and $NH_3$ distribution within SCR monolith is strongly related with deNOx performance of SCR catalyst. It is also found that multi-hole injector shows better $NH_3$ uniformity at the face of SCR monolith face than one hole injector.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제20권
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• pp.122-133
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• 1975

In recent years, farmers have substituted urea for ammonium sulfate as nitrogen fertilizer in their crop production. Since crops can not take urea itself directly as it is, we attempted to determine the amount of decomposition of urea in soil. It was observed that 25 percent of urea which had initially mixed with soil was decomposed in 10 days at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 80 percent in 2 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore, it was considered that large amount of urea could be lost in cool season and cool areas. In the other experiment, ammonium sulfate, as a source of sulfur, was so mixed with urea that the ratio of sulfur to nitrogen would be 15 percent. Small amount of dolomite was also added to this mixture and the resulting fertilizer was applied on the rice plants. Eight percent of yield increase was obtained together with the increased protein content in brown rice.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.128-136
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• 2007

It is well known that two representative methods satisfy EURO-IV regulation from EURO-III. The first method is to achieve the regulation through the reduction of NOx in an engine by utilizing relatively high EGR rate and the elimination of subsequently increased PM by DPF. However, it results in the deterioration of fuel economy due to relatively high EGR rate. The second is to use the high combustion strategy to reduce PM emission by high oxidation rate and trap the high NOx emissions with DeNOx catalysts such as Urea-SCR. While it has good fuel economy relative to the first method mentioned above, its infrastructure is demanded. In this paper, the number distribution of nano PM has been evaluated by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor(ELPI) and CPC in case of Urea-SCR system in second method. From the results, the particle number was increased slightly in proportion to the amount of urea injection on Fine Particle Region, whether AOC is used or not. Especially, in case of different urea injection pressure, the trends of increasing was distinguished from low and high injection pressure. As low injection pressure, the particle number was increased largely in accordance with the amount of injected urea solution on Fine Particle Region. But Nano Particle Region was not. The other side, in case of high pressure, increasing rate of particle number was larger than low pressure injection on Nano Particle Region. From the results, the reason of particle number increase due to urea injection is supposed that new products are composited from HCNO, sulfate, NH3 on urea decomposition process.