• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.135-154
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• 2023

Urban wetlands provide various ecosystem services and are subject to restoration and creation projects due to their increased value in the context of climate change. However, the vegetation structure of wetlands is sensitive to environmental changes, including artificial disturbances, and requires continuous maintenance. In this study, we conducted a vegetation survey of three wetlands created as part of a project to restore urban degraded natural ecosystems and monitored the quantitative changes in wetland vegetation structure using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The vegetation survey revealed 73 species in Incheon Yeonhui wetland, and the change in vegetation composition based on wetland occurrence frequency was 11.5% on average compared to the 2018 vegetation survey results. The vegetation survey identified 44 species in Busan Igidae wetland, and the proportion of species classified as obligate upland plants was the highest at 48.8% among all plants, while the proportion of naturalized plants accounted for 15.9% of all plants. The open water surface area decreased from 10% in May 2019 to 6.7% in May 2020. Iksan Sorasan wetland was surveyed and 44 species were confirmed, and it was found that the proportion of facultative wetland plant decreased compared to the 2018 vegetation survey results, and the open water surface area increased from 0.4% in May 2019 to 4.1% in May 2020. The results of this study showed that wetlands with low artificial management intensity exhibited a tendency for stabilization of vegetation structure, with a decrease in the proportion of plants with high wetland occurrence frequency and a relatively small number of new species. Wetlands with high artificial management intensity required specific management, as they had a large change in vegetation structure and a partially high possibility of new invasion. We reaffirmed the importance of continuous monitoring of vegetation communities and infrastructure for wetlands considering the function and use of urban wetlands, and restoration stages. These research results suggest the need to establish a sustainable wetland maintenance system through the establishment of long-term maintenance goals and monitoring methods that consider the environmental conditions and vegetation composition of wetlands.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2003

In this study, soil seed and bud bank analysis were performed to abbess the mass of potential vegetation in soils less than 1 year old after covered and estimate the amount of seed bank transport through construction in urban area. The ratio of exotic species number to total species number in study sites and the landfill control site was 0.29 and 0.39, respectively. All plots pooled, mean species number and total mean seedling density per $\m^2$ in the top 10 cm of soil was 11$\pm$0 (average$\pm$S.E.) and 8037$\pm$221.Total plant seeds by artificial soil trasnsfer were estimated to be 53 thousand million $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ in 10 cm soil depth. It reveals that soil transfer accelerates seeds and vegetation movement and makes urban vegetation mixed and common.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.9
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• pp.67-75
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• 1974

The vegetation activity of the Korean peninsula has been monitored temporal variations through a satellite remote sensing and the vegetation index was used to set up the vegetation data map of Korea. The AVHRR data sent by the NOAA-14 satellite was collected for 8 months between April and November, 1997 to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) which was combined the MVC(Maximum Value Composite). Then this NDVI composite map was prepared to review the temporal variations in the vegetation activity. The NDVI has been subject to the unsupervised classification for the growing season between May and October. And the vegetation type is divided into five classes ; urban, bare soil, grass, farming land, deciduous forest and coniferous forest. The unsupervised classificaion of vegetation distribution in the Korean Peninsula shows that the urban and bare soil take 4.14% of total national area, grass 4.49%, farming land 27.54%, deciduous forest 25.61% and coniferous forest 38.22%.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.320-329
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• 2022

Urban areas in watersheds increase the impervious surface, and agricultural areas deteriorate the water quality of rivers due to the use of fertilizers. As such, anthropogenic land use affects the type, intensity and quantity of land use and is closely related to the amount of substances and nutrients discharged to nearby streams. Riparian vegetation reduce the concentration of pollutants entering the watershed and mitigate the negative impacts of land use on rivers. This study analyzes the data through correlation analysis and regression analysis through point data measured twice a year in spring and autumn in 21 selected damaged tributary rivers within the Han River area, and then uses a structural equation model to determine the area land use. In the negative impact on water quality, the mitigation effect of riparian vegetation was estimated. As a result of the correlation analysis, the correlation between the agricultural area and water quality was stronger than that of the urban area, and the area ratio of riparian vegetation showed a negative correlation with water quality. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that agricultural areas had a negative effect on water quality in all models, but the results were not statistically significant in the case of urban areas. As a result of the model estimated through the structural equation, BOD, COD, TN, and TP showed a mitigation effect due to the accumulation effect of river water quality through riparian vegetation in agricultural areas, but the effect of riparian vegetation through riparian vegetation was found in urban areas. There was no These results were interpreted as having a fairly low distribution rate in urban areas, and in the case of the study area, there was no impact due to riparian forests due to the form of scattered and distributed settlements rather than high-density urbanized areas. The results of this study were judged to be unreasonable to generalize by analyzing the rivers where most of the agricultural areas are distributed, and a follow-up to establish a structural equation model by expanding the watershed variables in urban areas and encompassing the variables of various factors affecting water quality research is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.57-70
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• 2003

The study was conducted to present the criteria of plant selection and planting design pattern suitable for the vegetation blocks which are becoming more popular for the facade greenery in urban areas. The main results are summarized as follows. 1. Under irrigated conditions, the plant grew better than that of unirrigated conditions and herbs grew better than shrubs. In selection of shrubs, it would be more proper to consider the size and depth of the pockets. 2. Under unirrigated conditions, Sedum middendorffianum and foreign sedums grew well, so it can be concluded that sedums can grow at low management condition. And, Hosta longipes and Aceriphyllum rossii could be survive at low management conditions only if irrigation was conducted at dry season. But, shrubs needed irrigation management for survival at vegetation blocks. 3. The results of this study, it can be concluded that greenery of walls and retaining walls might be effective for the creation of green space, improvement of urban landscapes, and the creation of diverse biotopes in urban areas with vegetation blocks.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.208-219
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• 2014

This work aims to establish the landscape ecological countermeasures to improve the sustainability of urban mountain forest and to enrich the biodiversity in twenty mountains of the Seoul Metropolitan City. Landscape ecological analysis was conducted based upon various criteria, such as area and elevation of mountains, flora, naturalized plants, vegetation, forest types, mountain trails, and public facilities. Various measures were suggested for the better maintenances of floristic diversity, introduced plants, vegetation and forest types of urban mountain forests. Sustainable recommendations for land use adminstration were developed for the preparations of a climate change-adapted urban mountain forests, as well as rational managements of ecosystem, walking trails, and public facilities within mountain forest. Rich and diverse natural vegetation as well as high floristic diversity were reported at mountains with higher elevations, larger area size, and rich landscape diversity. Mountains with low elevation, small size with easy public access, however, might require an urgent action to decrease the burdens by anthropogenic disturbances and urban development.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.38-47
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• 2000

Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas causing climate change. This study quantified annual direct and indirect uptake of carbon by urban greenspace, and annual carbon release from vegetation maintenance and fossil fuel consumption. The study area was whole Chuncheon and Kangleung, and also two districts of Kangnam and Junglang in Seoul, cities located in middle Korea. Carbon uptake by urban greenspace played an important role through offsetting carbon release by 6-7% annually in Chuncheon and Kangleung. For Kangnam and Junglang, where the population density was relatively higher, urban greenspace annually offset carbon release by 1-2%. Future possible tree plantings could double annual carbon uptake by existing trees in urban lands (except natural and agricultural lands) of a study city. Based on study results, planning and management guidelines for urban greenspace were suggested to save energy and to reduce atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations. They included selection of optimum tree species, proper planting location from buildings, design of multilayered planting, amendment of existing regulations for greenspace enlargement, avoidance f intensive vegetation maintenance, and conservation of natural vegetation.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.218-224
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• 1998

The coefficients of variation obtained from three typical vegetation indices of eight levels of multi-spatial resolution images in urban areas were employed to identify the optimum spatial resolution in terms of maintaining information quality. These multi-spatial resolution images were prepared by degrading 1 meter simulated, 16 meter ADEOS/AVNIR, and 30 meter Landsat-TM images. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) and Soil Adjusted Ratio Vegetation Index (SARVI) were applied to reduce data redundancy and compare the characteristics of multi-spatial resolution image of vegetation indices. The threshold point on the curve of the coefficient of variation was defined as the optimum resolution level for the analysis with multi-spatial resolution image sets. Also, the results from the image segmentation approach of region growing to extract man-made features were compared with these multi-spatial resolution image sets.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.329-335
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• 2004

Biotop map can be utilized for nature conservation and assessment of environmental impact for human activities in urban area. High resolution satellite images such as IKONOS and KOMPSAT1-EOC were interpreted to classify land use, hydrology, impermeable pavement ratio and vegetation for biotop mapping. Wildlife habitat map and detailed vegetation map obtained from former study results were used as ground truth data. Vegetation was investigated directly for the area where the detailed vegetation map is not available. All these maps were combined and the boundaries were delineated to produce the biotop map. Within the boundary, the characteristics of each polygon were identified, and named. This study investigates the possibility of biotop mapping using high resolution satellite remote sensing data together with field data with the goal of contributing to nature conservation in urban area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.21-27
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• 2013

Recently, It is increasing that importance of systematic management by carbon sinks in forest resources. Especially, in terms of social, Forest resources in urban areas are important role as well as carbon sinks, and improvement of the natural environment of the city. In this study, through ANOVA analysis that a total of nine different vegetation index from rearranged NIR band of images to Forest tree species classified in urban areas using high-resolution aerial images and satellite images of KOMPSAT-2. And various vegetation indices such as NDVI are divided a species by forest units through statistical analysis. Also, separated species are compared to forest type map by the Forest Service. As a result, it is built as basis for vegetation management in urban areas.