• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.266-292
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• 2021

Vertical growth is viewed as the solution to the problem of urban housing. The present study aims to be multifocal in approaching the phenomenon of apartment living in Lahore, Pakistan. The primary focus of the research was to evaluate the satisfaction with and favorability of vertical living among the dwellers; however, the research was extended to include the in-depth experiences of adolescents regarding privacy because it was observed that this age group was being neglected severely in the distribution of privacy in apartments, as well as in research. The data was first collected from 150 respondents through a survey, and then interviews of 10 adolescents were conducted to explore notion of privacy. The findings highlight that, despite being satisfied with the infrastructural aspects of the building, the residents do not prefer vertical living over horizontal housing. The adolescents in apartments also prefer horizontal housing over vertical living to avoid the feeling of crowdedness that is associated with vertical growth due to shared space and proximity. The utilization of spaces within apartments is associated with certain elements of development of the personality during this age. The findings of the present study can be helpful for sustainable vertical housing policy development and implementation.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2020

Accurate knowledge of land use/land cover (LULC) features and their relative changes over upon the time are essential for sustainable urban management. Urban sprawl growth has been always also a worldwide concern that needs to carefully monitor particularly in a developing country where unplanned building constriction has been expanding at a high rate. Recently, remotely sensed imageries with a very high spatial/spectral resolution and state of the art machine learning approaches sent the urban classification and growth monitoring to a higher level. In this research, we classified the Quickbird satellite imagery by object-based image analysis of Dempster-Shafer (OBIA-DS) for the years of 2002 and 2015 at Karbala-Iraq. The real LULC changes including, residential sprawl expansion, amongst these years, were identified via change detection procedure. In accordance with extracted features of LULC and detected trend of urban pattern, the future LULC dynamic was simulated by using land transformation model (LTM) in geospatial information system (GIS) platform. Both classification and prediction stages were successfully validated using ground control points (GCPs) through accuracy assessment metric of Kappa coefficient that indicated 0.87 and 0.91 for 2002 and 2015 classification as well as 0.79 for prediction part. Detail results revealed a substantial growth in building over fifteen years that mostly replaced by agriculture and orchard field. The prediction scenario of LULC sprawl development for 2030 revealed a substantial decline in green and agriculture land as well as an extensive increment in build-up area especially at the countryside of the city without following the residential pattern standard. The proposed method helps urban decision-makers to identify the detail temporal-spatial growth pattern of highly populated cities like Karbala. Additionally, the results of this study can be considered as a probable future map in order to design enough future social services and amenities for the local inhabitants.

• International journal of steel structures
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1284-1296
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• 2018

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), plates bonding repair method is one of the simple repair methods for cracked steel structures. In this study, the influence of width of CFRP plates on bending fatigue life of out-of-plane gusset joint strengthened with CFRP plates was investigated from the experimental and numerical point of view. In the bending fatigue test of cracked out-of-plane gusset joint strengthened with CFRP plates, the effect of width of CFRP plates on crack growth life was clarified experimentally. Namely, it was revealed that the crack growth life becomes larger with increasing the width of CFRP plates. In the numerical approach, the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the surface point of a semi-elliptical surface crack was estimated based on the linear fracture mechanics. Furthermore, the extended fatigue life of cracked out-of-plane gusset joint strengthened with CFRP plates was evaluated by using the estimated SIF at the surface point and the empirical formula of the aspect ratio of semi-elliptical crack. As the results of numerical analysis, the estimated fatigue life of the specimen strengthened with CFRP plates showed the good agreement with the test results.

• Journal of Korea Planning Association
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.27-42
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to identify the spatial characteristics of the parcels in which building construction occurred. In recent, urban development patterns in Korea have been shifting from the past. Small-scale development at parcel level is becoming more important in accordance with individual location needs in the low-growth era unlike public lead large-scale urban development in the rapid growth period. Therefore, it is necessary to study the spatial characteristics of the parcels where small-scale development takes place for future urban development management. This study used the chi square independence test, t-test and ANOVA (analysis of variance) to identify the spatial characteristics. The results of the study show that there is a spatial characteristics difference not only between building construction and non-building construction parcels, but also by type of building construction. The parcel where the building construction occurred have a higher proportion in detached house, major commercial districts, district unit planning areas, and commercial areas. In addition, it is caused by parcels, which are large scale and economically valuable, and are influenced by traffic factors such as urban centers and subway accessibility. As a result of each type of building construction, the parcels where the building use change occurred have spatial characteristic difference compared to other building construction, while the spatial characteristics are similar between the new construction/extension and new construction/extension with change of use. Based on this results, it will be possible to identify areas with high demand for small-scale development in the future and to utilize them for planning management of urban development. Furthermore, it will be possible to manage development demand by type of building construction, and to prepare differentiated plans considering the appropriateness of development plan, availability of infrastructure, and harmony with surrounding environment.

• Journal of Korea Planning Association
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.63-74
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• 2019

Korean government has implemented policies to strengthen the competitiveness of small and medium sized cities. However, since it is often difficult to enhance the competitiveness through individual projects, many local governments in metropolitan areas are working together to pursue local growth. On the other hand, small and medium sized cities that are not included in metropolitan areas due to their spatial limitations have difficulties in implementing effective growth policies. Given this background, the purpose of this study is to identify the functional correlation based on urban interactions and develop functional econometric model for the economic growth of small and medium sized cities. This study uses spatial econometrics models and functional weight matrix to identify the effects of functional networks on small and medium sized cities. The results show the effect of functional networks on the growth of small and medium sized cities and provide policy implications for regional spatial planning that addresses effective management of small and medium sized cities.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.33-44
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• 2013

In recent years, energy consumption in the transportation sector by expanding motorization continues to increase in almost every country in the world. Moreover, the growth rate of the transportation energy consumption is significantly higher than those of the civilian and industrial sectors. Therefore, every country strives to reduce its dependence on private transport, which is the main contributor to the transportation energy consumption. In many countries, concepts such as Transit Oriented Development (TOD) or New Urbanism, which controls road traffic by increasing the proportion of the public transportation significantly, have been implemented to encourage a modal shift to public transport. However, the level of change required for eliminating environmental problems is a challenging task. Minimizing transportation energy consumption by controlling the increase of the traffic demand and maintaining the level of urban mobility simultaneously is a pressing dilemma for each city. Grasping the impact of the diversity of the urban transport and infrastructure is very important to improve transportation energy efficiency. However, the potential for reducing urban transportation energy consumption has often been ineffectively demonstrated by the diversity of cities. Therefore, the accuracy of evaluating the current efficiency rate of the urban energy consumption is necessary. Nevertheless, quantitative analyses related to the efficiency of transportation energy consumption are scarce, and the research on the current condition of consumption efficiency based on international quantitative analysis is almost nonexistent. On the basis of this background problem definitions, this research first built a database of the transportation energy consumption of private modes in 119 cities, with an attempt to reflect individual travel behaviors calculated by Person Trip data. Subsequently, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used as an assessment method to evaluate the efficiency of transportation energy consumption by considering the diversity of the urban traffic features in the world cities. Finally, we clarified the current condition of consumption efficiency by attempting to propose a target values for improving transportation energy consumption.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 2012

The climate change and global warming has been a world-wide issue. Also, the green growth has been a widely adopted strategy for national and regional development. In particular, after the Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was declared, the low carbon society was inevitable phenomenon. The hydrologic cycle in urban catchment has been changed due to the expansion of impervious area by rapid urban development. This paper has examined the Water cycle planning elements for green city in the scale of urban planning as well as site planning including housing site. In this study, the SWMM5-LID (Storm Water Management Model5-LID) model was used to simulate the hydrologic cycle of the test catchment as a typical urban catchment. We performed continuous simulation on urban runoff before and after the development of the test catchment and after the installation of Green city planning Elements.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to assess the environmental carrying capacity of Chongju City for the environmental management and the urban growth management. The urban environmental carrying capacity assessment of the city by the index of ecological footprint(EF), shows that the ecosystem of the city has been overloaded and most of the deficiencies has come from outside of the city. The EF index, the area of land per capita required for production and consumption in the city, was 1.731 ha per capita in 1989 and 1.901 ha per capita in 1999. On the other side, the ecologically productive land is 0.0175 ha per capita. It means that every citizen owes 1.88 ha per capita to the ecosystem in 1999. The land consumption of the city has increased by 0.1705 ha per capita during the last 10 years. The capacity of infrastructure and the service supply estimated by the Onishi model does not exceed the demand of the city in 1999. But the rapidly increasing population and fast urban growth need the expansion of the capacity. The water supply capacity of the city appears to be sufficient in 1999, but the water supply demand will increase in the future. The capacity of sewage treatment facilities seems to be sufficient, but the higher level of sewage treatment facilities should be adopted for the improvement of water quality as the generation of sewage will increase and its characteristics will also make the wastewater treatment difficult. Due to the decrease of solid waste generated, the land fill capacity for solid waste disposal is not insufficient at present, but the capacity will be saturated in the near future. Therefore, the scientific management system of solid wastes should be introduced. The air quality of the city meets both the national air quality standard and WHO recommendation standard, but the strong regulation and control of automobile emission gas such as CO, $CO_2$, NOx and HC is required for clean air.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 2010

The relationship between air temperatures and the fraction of urban areas (FUA) and their linear regression equation were estimated using land-use data provided by the water management information system (WAMIS) and air temperatures by the Korea Meteorology Administration (KMA) in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) during 1975 through 2000. The future FUA in the SMA (from 2000 to 2030) was also predicted by the urban growth model (i.e., SLEUTH) in conjunction with several dataset (e.g., urban, roads, etc.) in the WAMIS. The estimated future FUA was then used as input data for the linear regression equation to estimate an annual mean minimum air temperature in the future (e.g., 2025 and 2030). The FUA in the SMA in 2000 simulated by the SLEUTH showed good agreement with the observations (a high accuracy (73%) between them). The urban growth in the SMA was predicted to increase by 16% of the total areas in 2025 and by 24% in 2030. From the linear regression equation, the annual mean minimum air temperature in the SMA increased about $0.02^{\circ}C$/yr and it was expected to increase up to $8.3^{\circ}C$ in 2025 and $8.7^{\circ}C$ in 2030.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6327-6332
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• 2014

National cancer registration reports provide a huge potential for identifying patterns and trends of important policy, research, prevention and treatment significance. As summary reports written on an annual basis, the China Cancer Registry Annual Reports (CCRARs) fall short from fully addressing their potential. This paper attempts to explore part of the patterns and trends hidden behind published CCRARs. It extracted data for cancer incidence rates (IRs) and mortality rates (MRs) for 2004, 2006 and 2009 from relevant CCRARs and portrayed 4 kinds of indicators in line graphs. The study showed that: a) all of the line graphs of age-specific IRs and MRs characterized typical "growth curves or histogram"; b) graphs of IRs and MRs for males and urban areas had higher peaks than that for females and rural regions; c) most of the line graphs of IR/MR ratios comprised a starting peak, a secondary peak and a decreasing tail and the secondary peaks for females and urban areas were higher than those for males and rural areas; d) most of the urban versus rural IR ratios valued above one, but most the urban versus rural MR ratios, below one; e) the accumulative IRs and MRs showed a stable increasing trend from 2004 to 2009 for urban areas, but mixed for rural regions.