• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 1979

The authors observed the ultrastructure of the granular glands in the amphibian skin with an electron microscope. The specimens from the experimental animals (Bombina orientalis, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Rana nigromaculata and Rana rugosa) were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixative in phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 prior to fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in graded ethanol and acetone, embedded in Epon 812 mixture, and sectioned with a LKB-ultramicrotome. the ultrathin sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and observed with a JEOL-100B electron microscope. The results were as follws: 1. The granular gland in the amphibian skin consisted of the glandular epithelial and the myoepithelial cells. 2. The epithelial cells of the granular gland in the amphibian skin consisted of the dark cells but the light cells were also observed in that of Bombina orientalis. 3. The granular glands of the amphibian skin were in holocrine fashion. 4. The nuclei of the epithelial cells of the amphibian cutaneous granular glands were round or oval and showed small and large inforldings of nuclear envelope. Heterochromatins were mainly distributed near the nuclear envelope. Mitochondria were mainly distributed in the perinuclear portion and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulums were developed in the cytoplasm but smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulums were not well developed. 5. Secretory granules were round or oval and electron-dense and less electron-dense granules were observed. 6. The authors infer that the differences in electron density of the secretory granules in the granular glands of the amphibian skin are due to difference in the concentrations of secretory substances as related to the processes of its formation, and that those chemical components are identical.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.29-39
• /
• 1978

The authors observed the ultrastructure of the mucous glandular epithelial cells in the amphibian skin by mean of electron microscope. The specimens from the experimental animals were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-oaraformaldehyde fixative in phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 prior to fixation in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in graded ethanol and acetone, embedded in Epon 812 mixture, and sectioned with Sorvall MT-2 ultramicrotome. The ultrasections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and observed with a JEOL-100B electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. The cutaneous mucous glands in amphibia consisted of the glandular epithelial and the myoepithelial cells. 2. Several different cells in ultrastructure were observed in the mucous glandular epithelium of the adult amphibian skin. a. The dark and the light cells were observed in Hynobius leechi. b. The mitochondria-rich and the round secretory granule-containing cells were observed in Bombina orientalis. c. The round secretory granule-containing and the foam-like granule mass-containing cells were observed in Kaloula tornieri. d. The cutaneous mucous gland of Rana nigromaculata were divided into two types: A and B-type glands. In the A-type mucous gland, the mitochondria-rich and the round secretory granule-containing cells and in the B-type mucous gland, the mitochondria-rich, the secretory granule-containing and the ER-rich cells were observed. 3. Based upon the above findings, the authors infer that the mucous granular epithelium of the amphibian skin consists of the mitochondria-rich undifferentiated, the secetory granule-containing and mature, and the ER-rich evacuated cells.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.118-126
• /
• 1992

The pathway and time course of fucose-containing glycoprotein synthesis and intracellular translocation in osteoclasts of the mice maxillary alveolar bone were investigated by electron microscopic radioautography. Male Balb-C mice weighing 17gm were anesthetized with Nembutal and injected via the external jugular vein with 2.5 mCi of $L-[6-^{3}H]-fucose$ (specific activity 16.8 mCi/mmol) in 0.1 ml of sterile saline solution. At 5, 10, 20, 35 minutes and 8 hours after administration of the $^{3}H-fucose$, animals were killed by intracardiac perfusion of 30ml of 2% glutaraldehyde in a modified Tyroid solution, pH 7.4. The maxillae were then removed and further fixed in Karnovsky fixative for an additional 3-4 hours. After rinsing in 0.1M cacodylate buffer for 10 minutes, the maxillae were demineralized for 2 weeks at $4^{\circ}C$ in ethylene diamine tetra acetate containing 2% glutaraldehyde. The first interdental areas were mesiodistally sectioned into slices of 1mm thickness and postfixed in osmium tetroxide. Tissues were then dehydrated and embedded in Poly Bed. To prepare electron microscopic radioautography, the dipping method of Kopriwa (1973) was employed. Thin sections were coated with a crystalline monolayer of ILford $L_4$ photographic emulsion. After exposure for 4 months at $4^{\circ}C$, the sections were developed Kodak Microdol-X and Phenidon (for compact grains), fixed in 30% sodium thiosulfate, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined in the electron microscope (JEOL 1200 EX). At 5, 10 and 20 minutes after injection, $^{3}H-fucose$ was concentrated in Golgi cisternae of the osteoblasts. By 35 minutes the labels were observed over small vesicles in the suprannclear area of osteoclasts. At 8 hours, numerous silver grains were located on the ruffled border and cell membrane of osteoclasts. These results indicate that fucose molecules are added in the Golgi apparatus and small vesicles appear to be responsible for translocation of the glycoproteins to the marginal portion of osteoblasts. The glycoproteins are distributed on the osteoclast cell surface and especially over the ruffled border.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.33-41
• /
• 1983

The authors observed the ultrastructure of oral leukoplakia simplex of gingiva, buccal mucosa, tongue and alveolar ridge. For the purpose of clearly defining the lesions under investigation in this study, leukoplakias were cinsidered to be any white patches on the oral mucous membranes that could not be removed by rubbing and could not be classified clinically or microscopically as another diagnosable disease. The tissue to be examined were embedded in paraffin for light microscopic study. The tissue to be examined under the electronomicroscope were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer and 1% osmic acid in 0.1M cacodylate buffer, dehydrated with guaded alchol, and treated with propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon.Ultrathin sections were obtained by LKB III ultrotome, stained with uranyl acetate/lead citrate, and examined with Corinth 500EM. The results were as follows : 1. Epithelium of leukoplakia consisted of stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. 2. There was hyperorthokerotosis or hyperparakeratosis. 3. Granular cells contained a lot number of membrane coating granule showing lamellar structure, clearing ot codensation, and a lot of keratohyaline granule varied in size. 4. An increased concentration of tonofilaments and an increased number of desmosomes were found in the stratum spinosum. 5. Basal lamina generally showed its continuity, but in some locatoins, its interreption and multiplication appeared.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.90-92
• /
• 2010

Staining profiles and bacterial morphology were compared in Xanthomonas citri pv. citri by a transmission electron microscopy. Four types of negative staining regimes were employed depending on culture media and heavy metal stains. The bacterial cells grown on LB agar media often appeared clustered on the supporting film. Meanwhile, individual bacterial cells could be readily found on the preparations from LB broth media. Typical rod-shaped cells (ca. $1\;{\mu}m$ in length) and their flagella were observed in either 2% uranyl acetate (UA) or 2% neutralized potassium phosphotungstate (PTA) staining. The UA-stained bacteria often showed relatively intact cell morphology and rather positively stained cells with a thin electron-dense stain depth around bacteria. The PTA-stained bacteria were characterized by the wrinkled cell surface where the stain was entrapped in grooves. In addition, distinct electron-dense stain depth was evident around the PTA-stained preparations. Numerous fimbriae could be mostly observed from the PTA-stained preparations of the two culture media, but not from the UA-stained preparations.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.71-76
• /
• 1998

Twelve Spraque-Dawley healthy male rats(average weight ; 250g)were used to study the morphological changes of mitochondria, myofibril, muscle cell nucleus, triad. They were devided into 3 groups : normal daily activity (Group 1), 2weeks immobilization (Group 2), 4 weeks immobilization(Group 3). Left ankle of Group 2 and 3 were immobilized with plaster cast in $65^{\circ}$ plantarflexed position. The gastrocnemius were removed from 12 rats. Muscle fibers were observed electronmicroscopically by double staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, All the variables of Group 2 and 3 that selected in this study were significantly decreased when decreased with control value (p<.05) but also muscle fibers showed extensive damage, characterized by irregularity of mitochondrias and wide separation of myofibrils. irregularity and thinness of myofilaments and abnormal shape of muscle cell nucleus and unclear triad. Especially, sarcomere length of Group 3 were singnificantly decreased when compared with Group 2(p<.01).

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.11-17
• /
• 1969

Conidio spores of Aspergillus niger (strain No. NRRL 330) cultured on potato dextrose agar media were studied by electron microscopy, using the thin sectioning techniques. Conidio spores to be sectioned were fixed by triple methods with $K_2Cr_2O_7$, Glutaraldehyde and $OsO_4$. After dehydrated with alcohol, the specimens were embedded in metacrylate and epon resin media, and thinly sectioned by Porter-Blum MT-2. After sectioned these specimens were negative-stained with uranyl acetate and observed. by Hitachi HS-6 electron microscope. The results of this experiment were summarized as follows. 1. The structures of spore ,wall system seem to be formed 4 layers; exosporium, basal layer, spore coat and unit cell membrane. The protuberance of spore surface that was looked like hair appears to be protrusived from the basal layer. 2. The 3 layers of unit cell membrane was constituted outer layer membrane, inner layer membrane and inter-mediate light layer. 3. The structures of intra cytoplasmic membrane appear as spiral form which was consisted of 3 layers membrane system; outer membrane, inner membrane, and intermediate layer, which has pits. 4. The cement substance of spore coat and cortex may be changed quantitatively by physiological state in cell. 5. In some cases, we observed that the ribosome was transformed into poly ribosome group, and the storage materials and the protein crystals were changed variously. It. has been suggested that the morphological change of some cytoplasmic materials may be caused by some specialized function of the physiological stage.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
• /
• v.9 no.12
• /
• pp.819-822
• /
• 1971

For this investigation, author isolated Streptococcus mitis strain SD-9 from the bacterial flora in the human dental plaque, which was incubated in brain-heart infusion media containing 5% sucrose at 37℃ for 24 hours. For the cytochemical demonstration of polysaccharide produced by this strain, a modified thiosemicarbazide osmium method (Critchley et al., 1967) was used. After fixation with this reagent, the harvested cells was suspended in 1% agar for the higher concentration of cells(Kellenberger et al., 1964). And they were dehydrated in the various concentration of ethanol, and embedded in Epon 812(Luft, 1961). Sectioning was done with the Sorvall MT-2 Porter Blum ultramicrotome by means of a glass knife, and the sections were stained with saturated uranyl acetate and lead citrate (Raynolds, 1963). All preparations were examined in a electron microscope, Hitachi HU-ll E-1 type. The morphological features of extracellular polysaccharide produced by Streptococcus mitis strain SD-9 were appeared in 3 structurally different forms, those are, electron dense fibrillar material linearly arranged adjacent to the outer surface of cell wall, highly electron dense globular material adjacent to the outer surface of cell wall, and strutureless fluffy meshwork of possible very fine filament.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.177-186
• /
• 1988

Degeneration of the axon terminals of mamillo-thalamic tract following the electrical coagulation of mamillary body is well known. In this study, the author investigated the ultrastructural alterations of neuropil components, initiated by terminal degenerations. Rats weighing approximately 250 gm were fixed on the stereotaxic instrument(David Kopf Inc., Heavy duty model), and NE 300 active electrode(Rhodes Med. Instr. Inc.) was introduced to the mamillary position of anterior 3.8 mm, lateral 0.5 mm, height 3.8 mm and lateral angle of $23^{\circ}$ according to De Groot's Atlas. Electric current of 20 mA was applied during 1 minute between active and inactive electrodes with Radio Frequency Lesion Generator(RFG 4, Radionics Inc.). Two hours, 2 days, 1 week and 2 weeks following the electrical coagulation of mamillary body, ipsilateral anterior thalamic nucleus was fixed in 1% glutaraldehyde-l% paraformaldehyde and 2% osmium tetroxide, embedded in Araldite mixture, cutted with LKB ultra tome V, stained with uranyl acetate-lead citrate and observed with JEOL 100 CX electron microscope. Observed results were as follows; 1. Degenerated mamillo-thalamic synapses were observed to form asymmetric axospinous or axo-dendritic types. 2. Terminal degeneration was not easily discernible at 2 hours interval after mamillary lesion, but following 2 days the terminal degeneration was apparent. 3. Postsynaptic spines, dendrites and even their cell bodies show edematic changes caused by the degeneration of postsynaptic counterpart. 4. Astrocytic territories, including perivascular processes forming glial limitans of blood-brain barrier, exhibit remarkable expansion. 5. Oligoglia and astroglia are actively engaged in the removal of degenerated elements. 6. Active forms of microglia were increased. 7. The observed results may represent typical ultrastructural alteration pattern within neuropil following the degeneration of certain input axon terminals.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.90-104
• /
• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the ultrastructural changes of the proximal epiphyseal plate of the femur in young chickens that had been treated with monosodium glutamate(MSG). Eighty 1-day old broiler chickens(Hubbard strain) were divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received daily administration of MSG(3mg/g of body weight in 0.75% saline) per orally for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days, and were sacrificed with exanguination. The control group received an equal volume of 0.75% saline. For the transmission electron microscopy, the prehypertrophic cartilage zone of epiphyseal plate was cleaved, fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde(containing 0.2% ruthenium red), postfixed with 1 % osmium tetroxide, embedded in Epon 812, and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. For the scanning electron microscopy, the calcified zone of epiphyseal plate was cleaved and coated with gold palladium. The results obtained were as follows; 1. On transmission electron microscopic examination, the sacculation decreased from 12 day to 21 day MSG administrated groups, and the vesiculation decreased in 18 and 21 day MSG administrated groups in rough endoplasmic reticulum of chondrocytes in prehypertrophic cartilage zone. The ruthenium red binding particles in pericellular rim, territorial matrix and interterritorial matrix increased from 9 day to 21 day MSG administrated groups, but the crystalloid materials decreased. 2. On scanning electron microscopic examination, the trabecular formation and calcospherites of calcification zone decreased in 18 and 21 day MSG administrated groups. The resorption cavities widened from 15 day to 21 day MSG administrated groups.