• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제32권1_2호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2018

지질-지형의 안정성을 논할 때에 가장 기본이 되는 것은 융기율이며, 융기율 산정을 위해서 가장 널리 쓰이는 방법은 해안단구의 높이를 측정하는 것이다. 해안단구는 기본적으로 해수면 높이에서 형성되는데, 현세 동안에는 해수면 높이와 해안단구의 높이 모두 불확실하다. 본 논문에서는 현세 동안의 해수면 높이, 해안단구 높이, 그리고 GPS 상시관측 결과 등을 토대로 한반도의 융기율이 지역에 따라 차이가 있음을 밝히고자 하였다. 강원도와 전라도 해안은 최소한 현세 초기 이후 대체로 안정한 것으로 보이며, 경상도 일대는 현세 중기 이후에 상당량 융기한 것으로 판단할 수 있다. 한반도에서 지역적으로 융기율의 차이가 나타나는 양상은 육괴의 분포와 연관되어 있을 가능성이 높다. 물론 이러한 육괴의 경계는 단층이므로 단층의 역할이 크겠지만, 기본적으로 지역적 융기율의 차이는 육괴 자체의 특성에 따르는 것으로 보는 것이 타당할 것이다. 그 특성은 지구조 규모의 응력에 반응하는 정도 차이, 지각 두께의 차이 등을 포함할 수 있다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.346-360
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• 2006

본 연구는 우리나라 해안단구의 형성과정을 종합적으로 해석하기 위해, 연구가 거의 드문 남해안의 중앙부에 위치한 광양만 일대 해안을 대상으로, 해안단구의 분포, 퇴적층의 층서 및 퇴적물의 이화학적 특성을 밝히고, OSL 절대연대 자료를 기초로 해안단구의 형성시기를 추정하였다. 해안단구 퇴적물을 포함하여 광양만에 분포하는 다양한 지형 구성물질의 이화학적 특성을 분석한 결과, 지형 사이의 뚜렷한 차이가 나타나지 않았는데, 이는 광양만의 지형적 폐쇄성에 기인한 구성물질의 재순환 및 혼합의 결과로 판단된다. 광양만 일대 해안에는 규모가 작은 3단 이거 해안단구면이 발견된다. 고도가 가장 낮은 1면은 해발고도 $10{\sim}13m$에 분포하며, OSL 연대측정 및 퇴적물의 특성으로 보아, MIS 5a 시기에 형성된 것으로 판단된다. 광양만 일대의 융기율은 0.141m/ka로 계산되며, 이를 적용하면, 해안단구 2면(18-22m)은 MIS 5e, 3면($27{\sim}32m$)은 MIS 7시기의 후반에 형성된 것으로 추정된다. 따라서 신생대 플라이스토세 후반 우리나라 동해안과 남해안에서 지반 융기 및 해안단구의 발달 과정은 거의 유사했던 것으로 판단된다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.221-227
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• 2005

Aim of this study is to investigate an aerodynamic effect of a drag-reducing device on a heavy-duty truck. The vehicle experiences two different kinds of aerodynamic forces such as drag and uplifting force (or downward force) as it is traveling straight forward at constant speed. The drag force on a vehicle may cause an increase of the rate of fuel consumption and driving instability. The rolling resistance of the vehicle may be increased as result of the negative uplifting or downward force on the vehicle. A device named roof-fairing system has been applied to examine the reduction of aerodynamic drag force on a heavy-duty truck. As for a engineering design information, the drag-reducing system should be studied theoretically and experimentally for the best efficiency of the device. Four different types of roof-fairing model were considered in this study to investigate the aerodynamic effect on a model truck. The drag and downward force generated by vehicle has been obtained from numerical calculation conducted in this study. The forces produced on four fairing models considered in this study has been compared each other to evaluate the best fairing model in terms of aerodynamic performance. The result shows that the roof-fairing mounted truck has bigger negative uplifting or downward force than that of non-mounted truck in all speed ranges, and drag force on roof-fairing mounted truck has smaller than that of non-mounted truck. The drag coefficient $(C_D)$ of the roof-fairing mounted truck (Model-3) is reduced up to $41.3\%$ than that of non-mounted trucks (Model-1). A downward force generated by a roof-fairing mounted on a truck is linearly proportional to the rolling resistance force. Therefore, the negative lifting force on a heavy-duty truck is another important factor in aerodynamic design parameter and should be considered in the design of a drag-reducing device of a tractor-trailer. According to the numerical result obtained from present study, the drag force produced by the model-3 has the smallest of all in all speed ranges and has reasonable downward force. The smaller drag force on model-3 with 2/3h in height may results of smallest thickness of boundary layer generated on the topside of the container and the lowest intensity of turbulent kinetic energy occurs at the rear side of the container.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.388-404
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• 2007

강원도의 내린천, 연곡천, 골지천, 오십천을 대상으로 영동 및 영서 하천의 하안단구 발달 과정을 지구조적인 측면에서 분석하였다. 하안단구 분포 패턴과 하천 하각 속도를 분석, 검토한 결과, 4개 하천 중 오십천 상류의 하안단구 4면, 5면, 6면에서는 태백산맥을 축으로 한 지반 융기의 영향이 뚜렷이 확인되었다. 태백산맥 분수계가 융기축이라면 영서하천 상류부 폭 $30\sim40km$ 구간이 융기대에 해당된다. 융기대 내부에 위치하는 내린천의 중 상류와 골지천 유역 전체는 하천 전 구간에서 융기작용이 활발하여, 상 하류 간의 융기량에 따른 하상비고 차이는 나타나지 않는다. 하안단구 2면$\sim$1면 사이와 1면$\sim$현재까지의 하각 속도는 두 시기의 기후 조건 차이로, 각각 $0.13\sim0.22m/ka,\;0.17\sim0.27m/ka$로 다르게 나타났다. 하안단구 1면 형성 이후부터 현재까지 영서 하천에 비해 영동 하천의 하각 속도가 다소 높다. 이는 하천 대부분 구간이 융기대에 포함되는 영서 하천에 비하여, 영동 하천은 하구가 최종적인 침식기준면인 해수면이므로 하각작용이 보다 활발했기 때문이다.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1998년도 제6회 하계 Workshop (98 한국막학회, 국립환경연구원 국제 Workshop, 수자원 보전과 막분리 공정)
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• pp.113-133
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• 1998

In activated sludge process, sludge settling condition is affected by organic loading rate or operation condition, and if settling condition is getting worse, it is common that overall process fails due to wash-out of biomass causing low concentration in the aeration tank. Also activated sludge process has such several problems as requiring large area, consuming a lot of power and producing large volume of sludge. Increased public concern over health and the environment combined with a strong desire to reduce capital, operating and maintenance costs, have created a need for innovative technologies for building new high quality effluents which vail meet 21st century crkeria. MBR(Membrane Bioreactor) process consists of a biological reactor and ultrafiltration(UF) membrane system that replaces the conventional clarifier of an activated sludge process. The main operating advantages of this system are that the quality of the effluent is independent of the settleability of the mixed liquor and that the effluent is free of suspended solids in any operating condition. It is possible to eliminate clarifier and to reduce the volume of aeration tank because it can afford to accumulate high biomass concentration in the bioreactor(20, 000~30, 000mg/L), which would not be possible in a conventional activated sludge process. Therefore, this process reduces overall treatment plant area. In addition to those advantages, Longer SRT condition enables higher sludge digestion in MBR process so the sludge volume produced is 50 to 70% lower than that of conventional activated sludge process There are two kinds of MBR process according to the allocations of membrane. One is cross flow type MBR of which module is located outside of the bioreactor and mixed liquor is driven into the membrane module. The other is submerged type MBR process of which module is submerged in the bioreactor and mixed liquor is generally sucked from the lumen side. addition to that the cake layer is often removed by the uplifting flow of bubbling air. A submerged MBR process is superior to a crossflow MBR in regard to the power consumption because suction pressure of a submerged MBR is generally lower than that of a crossflow MBR which has recirculation pump. A submerged MBR, therefore, has the potential to be applied to small wastewater treatment plants that need low cost treatment systems.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.87-98
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• 2006

본 연구는 풍화암에 근입된 영구 앵커의 극한인발력에 관한 연구를 수행하기 위하여 현장에서 실규모 인발시험을 실시한 실험 결과이다. 현장 실물 실험에서는 정착길이가 다른 4개의 앵커에 대한 하중-변위 곡선으로부터 극한인발력을 산정하였다. 또한, 앵커의 수용 여부를 결정하기 위해 단계별 최대하중에서 15분 동안의 크리프 시험을 실시하여 극한하중까지의 크리프치를 평가하였다. 그리고 풍화암에 근입된 영구 앵커의 파괴메카니즘을 규명하기 위해 지표면에 다이얼게이지를 설치하여 하중 변화에 따른 지반의 파괴 거동 범위를 측정하였다.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.15-15
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• 2003

In South Korea, marine terraces have been well developed along the eastern coastal zone, and previous researches on the marine terraces have also been focused on to this coastal zone. The marine terraces of the eastern coast of South Korea had been classified into three terrace groups, that is, the higher, middle, and lower surface ones, according to the heights of marine terraces by previous studies(Oh, 1981 ;Chang, 1987 ;Yoon et. al, 1999, 2003 ; Hwang and Yoon, 1996 etc.). Recently, however, it tends to classify the marine terraces based on the concept of geomorphic surface units(Lee, 1987 ; Kim, 1990 ; Choi, S. 2003; Choi S. et. al 2003a,b, etc). For example, it was proposed that the marine terrace surfaces of Eupcheon coast of the southeastern coastal area of Korea could be classified into 16 geomorphic surfaces, i.e., Eupcheon 1terrace(former shoreline height of 160m), 2(153m), 3(140m), 4(130m), 5(124m), 6(115m), 7(100m), 8(92m), 9(82m), 10(71m), 11(62m), 12(53m), 13(43m), 14(35m), 15(18m) and 16(10m) surfaces, in descending order, according to the former shoreline heights(Choi, S, 2003 ; Choi, S. et. al, 2003a,b). Among these terraces, Eupcheon 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 surfaces had not been reported in previous works. Among the above mentioned marine terraces, Eupcheon 15 terrace, the most widely and continuously distributed marine terrace have been identified as marine terrace of the Last Interglacial culmination period(oxygen isotope stage 5e) which was based on amino acid dates(124∼125ka BP) and geomorphological features such as red soil, pollen analysis, fossil cryogenic structures and crossing terrace concept. Eupoheon 15 terrace surfaces have also been proposed as the key surface for the identification and correlation of the so-called '5e' marine terrace in the eastern coast of South Korea. This terrace was reconfirmed as the Last Interglacial culmination period, which was based on the identification of Ata tephra, one of the wide-spread marker tephra which indicates the Last Interglacial culmination period in Japan by Sasaki et. al(2002). It was thought that marine terraces of the eastern coast of South Korea had been formed by the steady-state uplifting during the Quaternary glacio-eustatic sea level changes(Choi, 1997). The uprift rate of 10cm/1,000years had been proposed in the eastern coast of South Korea based on the former shoreline altitude(18m) of the above Eupcheon 15 terrace. Therefore, it can be estimated that Eupcheon 1 terrace had been formed in the early Pleistocene from the above uprift rate. The OSL dating for the samples of Eupcheon 7, 9, 13, 15 and 16 terraces and identification of marker tephra in the terrace deposits are in progress. It is expected that more elaborate chronology on themarine terraces of the eastern coast of South Korea could be established by these absolute dates and marker-tephra.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1971

The geotectonics and geomorphic structure of Korea resulted from the Song-rim Disturbance and the Daebo orogenic movements. Afterward this mountainous peninsula underwent several geological changes on a small scale, and it was also claimed that the steady rising of the elevated peneplain of the eastern coast and the submerging of the southwestern coastal area are largely due to the tilted block movement. These views have been generally accepted good in several ways, but they are limited in range or lacking in theoretical integration. The present writer investigated the geology of the Mt. Chi-ri-san and the Honam coal mining area for a geological map in 1965, respectively. The results of these studies convinced the present writer that the conventional views, which were based upon a theory of lateral pressure should be reconsidered in many respects, and more recent studies made it clear that the morphological development in the southwestern area can be better explained by the orogenic movement and rock control. The measurement of submerging speed of the western coastal area (Pak. Y. A., 1969) and a new account on the geology and tectonics of the Mid-central region of South Korea (Kim O.J., 1970) act as an encouragement to a new explanation. The present writer's researches on the extreme southwestern portion of the peninsula show that the steady submerging of this area cannot be attributed to a simple downthrown block phenomenon caused by block movement. It is no more than the result of the differential movement of uplifting in the eastern and western coastal areas and the rising of sea-level in the post-glacial period. This phenomenon could be easily explained by the comparison of the rate of rise in sea-level and amount of heat flow between Korea and other areas in the world. The existance of the erosional planes in the Sobaik-San ranges also provide an evidence of an upheaval in the western coast area. Though the Sobaik-San ranges largely follow the direction of the Sinian system. They consist of the numerous branches, whose trends run more or less differently from their main trend because of the disharmonic folding, are converged into Mt. Sobaik-San and Chupungryung. The undulation of the land is not wholely caused by orogenic movements, where as the present writer confirmed that the diversity of morphological development is the direct reflection of geological conditions such as rocks and processes which constitute the basic elements of geomorphic structure. An east-west directed mountain range which could be named as Hansan mountain range, was claimed to be oriented by the joint control. The geological conditions such as a special erosion and weathering of agglomerate and breccia tuff usually produce pot-hole like submarine features which cause the whirling phenomenon at the southwestern coast channel.

• 암석학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 1992

제천습곡대의 제천화강암에 대하여 Rb-Sr, K-Ar 그러고 휫션트랙 등 세 가지 방법으로 다음과 같은 열역사를 규명하였다. 3개의 전암시료와 7개의 광물시료의 Rb과 Sr의 동위원소를 측정하여 얻은 등시선연령은 202.7$\pm$1.9Ma이고, Sr 초생치는 0.7140였다. 12개의 광물시료를 K-Ar 및 휫션트랙법으로 연령측정한 결과 각각의 연령보존온도에 거의 상응하는 광물연령을 얻었다. 연령측정자료로 이 암석의 성인과 암체의 열역사를 해석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 제천화강암은 쥬라기초(약 203 Ma)에 지각물질이 부분용융을 받아서 만들어진 'S-형'의 마그마가, 또는 맨틀기원의 'I-型'마그마와 지각물질의 심한 혼화작용에 의해 만들어진 마그마가 지각 심부 (mesozone 또는 katazone; 약 7~9km)에 관입하였으며, 관입체와 주변암석괴의 온도차 때문에 30$0^{\circ}C$까지는 매우 빨리 냉각되었다. 쥬라기말까지는 주위 암석들과 열적인 평형을 유지하므로써 냉각이 거의 중지되었다가, 백악기초부터 말까지 (140~70 Ma)는 화성활동을 수반한 심한 지구조운동과 활발한 풍화작용 때문에 평균 약 40~60 m/Ma의 상승률과 약 1.4$^{\circ}C$/Ma의 냉각률로 3~7 km 상승하였다. 백악기말부터 삼기초(70~50 Ma)까지는 펀균 약 100~120m/Ma의 상승률과 5$^{\circ}C$/Ma의 냉각률을, 그리고 삼기초 (50 Ma)부터 현재까지는 평균 약 50~60m/Ma의 상승률과 2$^{\circ}C$/Ma의 냉각률을 가지고 각각 상승 및 냉각된 것으로 해석된다.